1. Cognition and Emotion
To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion?

2. EMOTION

3. Emotion Emotions are feelings which come
Damasio: emotions are purely physical signals of the body which react to the external stimuli
James-Lange: the state of our body determines the emotions we experience
Emotions are feelings which come
about as a result of these physiological
changes, rather than being their cause.

4. Emotion: 3 Components Physiological changes Subjective feeling
arousal of autonomic nervous system - the ‘fight or flight response’
increased heart rate, increased blood pressure
endocrine system - secretion of hormones
brain activity – PET and fMRI scans
unconscious
Subjective feeling
happiness, fear, sadness, disgust
activated by a person, object or event
private
Associated behaviour
smiling, running away, laughing, withdrawal

5. Emotion
Emotions serve as a guide to evaluate how important situations are – not always a conscious process
Lazarus and Folkman: it’s not the emotion, but how we appraise the situation and cope with it that is important (think depression)
Cognitive appraisal is an interpretation
So, a perceived stressor → physiological response (fight or flight) → cognitive appraisal of the arousal → decision of what to do based on previous experience

6. Biological Factors in Emotion
thalamus
Amygdala is involved in emotion
It plays a critical role in emotional memories
Adrenaline is released with strong emotions
LeDoux’s model of biological pathways of
emotion in the brain:
Short route
Emotional stimulus (sound and/or sight) gets sent to thalamus for transfer; transfer to amygdala and causes an emotional response
Long route
Emotional stimulus gets sent to the thalamus for transfer; transfer to sensory cortex ; part goes to hippocampus for comparison to known prior experiences; appraisal happens; behaviour matches appraisal
Both pathways can be triggered simultaneously
Unconscious

7. Biological Factors in Emotion
LeDoux’s model of biological pathways of emotion in the brain:
Gives humans flexibility to react quickly in dangerous situations or more rationally to avoid inappropriate responses
Allows for flexibility in response. In the case of danger, the fast and direct pathway is useful.
But, the long pathway allows for a more thorough evaluation – helps you to avoid an inappropriate response.

8. Explain your reaction to hearing somebody creeping around your house in the middle of the night, only to realise that it is probably one of your parents getting a glass of water.

9. Schacter & Singer’s Two-Factor Theory
Please read green text pg regarding 2-factor theory.
Take appropriate notes

10. Schachter and Singer (1962)
An event causes physiological arousal first - you must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion.
Participants were given an injection of either adrenaline or a placebo and then put into 1 of 4 conditions:
Adrenalin Ignorant - participants were given an adrenalin injection and not told of the effects of the drug.
Adrenalin Informed - participants were given an adrenalin injection and warned of the ‘side effects’ of the drug (hand shake, heart pounding, dry mouth etc.).  The participants were therefore prepared for the effects of the adrenalin (although they thought they were to do with the suproxin).
Adrenalin Misinformed - participants were given an adrenalin injection and told to expect side effects but were told these would be numb feet and headache.  These participants would, therefore, not be expecting the effects of the adrenalin.
Control Group - Placebo - participants were given an injection that would have no effect and were given no instructions of what to expect.

11. Schachter and Singer (1962)
Participants were then allocated to either the euphoria condition or the anger condition.
In the euphoria situation a stooge in a waiting room carried out a number of silly tasks designed to entertain and amuse the participant.
In the anger situation a stooge in a waiting room carried out tasks and made comments designed to annoy the participant.

12. Dutton and Aron (1974)
Arranged for men to be interviewed by an attractive woman, whilst standing on either a high or a low suspension bridge. Men on the high bridge should have heightened physiological arousal due to the height but will mistake this for ‘sexual attraction’.
The men on the high bridge demonstrated greater attraction than those on low bridge or when the interviewer was male, thus showing that the males on the high bridge needed to find a appropriate emotional label.
Love is basically a state of physiological arousal that you label as ‘love’

13. Cognitive factors in emotion: appraisal
Situation
Appraisal: Beneficial
Positive emotions
Appraisal: Harmful
Negative emotions

14. Lazarus (1975)
It’s not the events themselves that cause trauma, it’s the individual’s appraisal of the situation/event
A thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.  In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.
When an event occurs, a cognitive appraisal is made (either consciously or subconsciously), and based on the result of that appraisal, an emotion and physiological response follow.

15. Cognitive Factors in Emotion
Appraisal is a cognitive process: how we evaluate a situation and cope with it
positive emotions emerge if appraisal assesses potential benefit; negative emotions if appraisal assesses potential harm.
Folkman & Lazarus (1988): people use different strategies in stressful situations
problem-focused coping
emotion-focused coping

16. Coping with stressful situations
Problem focused coping: aiming to change the problematic situation
Emotion focused coping: aims to handle the emotions rather than the situation

17. Appraisal
Personal characteristics influence how we perceive a situation, including:
Motivation
Belief about one’s self and the world
Environmental variables
Nature of the danger
Social networks

18. Study: Lazarus and Smith (1993)
Use green text pg. 89 to write a summary of this study and how it relates to the appraisal theory of emotion

19. Speisman (1964)
Investigated if people’s emotional reaction to an unpleasant film could be manipulated:
Showed participants genital mutilation film with one of three soundtracks (conditions) to manipulate their appraisals: traumatic (emphasizing pain), willing participants (denial), and intellectualization (think National Geographic)
Participants reacted more emotionally to the trauma condition.
Suggests it is not the event themselves that elicit emotional stress, but the individual’s interpretation of that event.

20. SUMMARY OF THIS SLO – how you could organize an LAQ response:
Explain what emotion is and the three components
Briefly explain the physiology of emotion including Ledoux’s theory – two pathways
- how is cortex and amygdala involved?
Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion (explain)
Schachter and Singer (1962) also can use Dutton and Aron (1974)
Lazarus’s Appraisal theory of Emotion
Lazarus & Smith (1993)
Speisman et al. (1964)