2.  Specialized in nervous disorders.  Faced patients whose disorders made no neurological sense.  Might some neurological disorders have psychological causes?

3.  Freud told patients to relax and say whatever came to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial.  Freud believed free association would allow him to follow a chain of thought leading into the patient’s unconscious, where painful unconscious memories (often from childhood) could be retrieved and released.

4.  Freud’s theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques  Our thoughts and actions come from unconscious motives and conflicts.

5.  Our conscious awareness is the part that floats above the surface.

6.  Beneath our awareness is the larger unconscious mind with its thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

7.  Some of our unconscious thoughts are temporarily stored in a preconscious area, where they are outside our awareness but accessible.

9.  We repress (or forcibly block from our consciousness) unacceptable passions and thoughts because they would be too unsettling to acknowledge.

10.  Although we are not consciously aware these troublesome feelings and ideas, they influence us and sometimes express themselves in disguised forms.  The work we choose  Our free associations  Our beliefs  Our habits  Our dreams  Our slips of the tongue or pen

11. “Good morning, beheaded – uh, I mean, beloved.”

12.  Do you feel others around you know “the real you”? Why or why not?  What types of things do people keep hidden from casual friends and acquaintances? Why?  What types of things do they share?

13.  Freud believed human personality arises from a conflict between: Impulse and Restraint | Aggressive,Internalized Pleasure-seeking, social controls Biological urges over these urges

14.  Personality is the result of our efforts to resolve this basic conflict. › To express these impulses in ways that bring satisfaction without bringing guilt or punishment.  To understand the conflict, Freud proposed three interacting systems in the mind:

15.  Id › Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. › Operates on the pleasure principle  Seeks instant gratification › Example: Devil Pluto

16.  Ego › Operates on the reality principle. › Contains our partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgments, and memories. › The executive mediator.  Seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring long- term pleasure. › Example: Pluto himself

17.  Superego › The voice of our moral compass or conscience that forces the ego to consider the ideal. › Focuses on how we ought to behave.  Strives for perfection, judging actions and producing positive feelings of pride or negative feelings of guilt. › Example: Angel Pluto

19.  Freud’s stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body called erogenous zones.

20. StageAgeFocus Oral0-18 monthsPleasure centers on the mouth sucking, biting, chewing

21. StageAgeFocus Oral0-18 months Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking, biting, chewing Anal18-36 months Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

22. StageAgeFocus Oral0-18 months Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking, biting, chewing Anal18-36 months Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic3-6 years Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

23.  Oedipus complex  Freud believed boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival.  Further boys experience guilt and fear of castration by their father.  Children eventually cope with the threatening feelings by repressing them and identifying with(trying to become like) the rival parent.

24.  Freud believed › identification with the same-sex parent provides our gender identity (our sense of being male or female). › early childhood relations influence our identity, personality, and frailties.

25. StageAgeFocus Oral0-18 months Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking, biting, chewing Anal18-36 months Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic3-6 years Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Latency6 years to puberty Dormant sexual feelings

26. StageAgeFocus Oral0-18 months Pleasure centers on the mouth sucking, biting, chewing Anal18-36 months Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic3-6 years Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Latency6 years to puberty Dormant sexual feelings Genitalpuberty onMaturation of sexual interests

27.  Conflicts unresolved during earlier stages could surface as maladaptive behavior in adult years.  At any point in the oral, anal, and phallic stages, strong conflict could lock, or fixate, the person’s pleasure-seeking energies in that stage.

28.  Oral Stage › Always putting objects in the mouth, chain smoking, overeating › Perhaps the result of abrupt or early weaning

29.  Anal Stage › If potty training occurred too early:  Overly neat and fussy about organization and details. › If potty training was not encouraged or allowed to happen haphazardly:  Overly slovenly and messy

30.  As members of society, we must control our sexual and aggressive impulses, not act them out.  Sometimes the ego fears losing control resulting in anxiety that leaves us feeling unsettled by unsure why.

31.  The ego protects itself with defense mechanisms – tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality.  Defense mechanisms function indirectly and unconsciously, reducing anxiety by disguising some threatening impulse.

32.  What do you think about Freud’s theories? Agree/Disagree? Why? › The unconscious mind › Personality structure – id, ego, superego › Psychosexual stages › Defense mechanisms

33.  What ideas of Freud’s did they accept?  How did they differ in their ideas?

34.  Accepted Freud’s ideas of: › Personality structure – id, ego, superego › Importance of unconsciousness › Shaping of personality in childhood

35.  Differed from Freud by: › Placing more emphasis on the conscious mind’s role in interpreting and coping with the environment › Doubting sex and aggression were all- consuming motivations

36.  Agree with Freud that › Much of our mental life is unconscious › We often struggle with inner conflicts among our wishes, fears, and values › Childhood shapes our personality  Disagree that sex is the basis of personality.

37.  How do we do that?  Objective assessments such as agree- disagree and true-false questionnaires would only tap the conscious.

38.  Projective tests › People are presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to interpret it.  Describe it.  Tell a story about it.  Examples: › Pictures (Thematic Apperception Test) › Inkblots (Rorschach)

39. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

40. Rorschach inkblot test

41.  Based on responses, clinicians would determine things about their patients. › When shown a daydreaming boy, you imagine he’s fantasizing about an achievement.  Perhaps you are projecting your own goals. › When shown an inkblot, you see predatory animals or weapons.  Perhaps you have aggressive tendencies.

42.  Do you think these tests are reliable?

43. No.

44.  Evidence to contradict Freud › Developmental psychologists see our development as lifelong, not fixed in childhood. › We gain our gender identity earlier and become strongly masculine or feminine even without a same-sex parent present.

45.  Evidence to contradict Freud › Research disputes Freud’s belief that dreams disguise and fulfill wishes. › There is little support that defense mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive impulses.  Although people do seem to defend themselves against anxiety to enhance their self-esteem.

46.  Evidence to contradict Freud › Psychoanalytic theory assumes the mind represses offending wishes, and if we recover and resolve childhood conflicts, emotional healing will follow. › Today’s researchers contend that repression is a rare response to terrible trauma.

47.  Problems as a Scientific Theory: › Rests on few observations. › Offers few testable hypotheses. › Offers after-the-fact explanations of characteristics and behavior. › Fails to predict behaviors and traits.

48.  Rate the degree to which you agree or disagree with the following statement from 1-5: 1=strongly agree 2=agree 3=neutral 4=disagree 5=strongly disagree Barack Obama is a good president.

49. Estimate the percentage of people in the class that you believe share your opinion.

50.  The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.  Examples: People who cheat on their taxes or break speed limits tend to think many others do too.

51.  People tend to see their bad habits and attitudes in others.  What defense mechanism does this sound like?

52.  People tend to see their bad habits and attitudes in others.  What defense mechanism does this sound like?  Projection