1. XSI IPC Message Queues Semaphores Shared Memory

2. XSI IPC Each XSI IPC structure has two ways to identify it An internal (within the Kernel) non negative integer identifier An external key value of type key_t We must specify a key when we create an XSI IPC structure. This is converted to an internal identifier by the Kernel

3. XSI IPC No file system representation as with FIFOs ipcs to list XSI IPCs ipcrm to remove a XSI IPC

4. Creating Keys 3 ways Server creates XSI IPC structure with a key of IPC_PRIVATE and stores the returned internal identifier in a file for the client to read Client and Server agree ahead of time on the key. Requires error handling in case the key is already in use Client and Server agree on a pathname and project ID and use the ftok function

5. ftok key_t ftok(const char *pathname, int proj_id); pathname must be the path to an existing file proj_id contains a value between 0 and 255 (only lower 8 bits of int are used) Note that occasionally different pathnames with the same project id can return the same key!

6. Permissions Structure Every XSI IPC structure has a permissions structure associated with it struct ipc_perm { key_t key; /* Key */ uid_t uid; /* Effective UID of owner */ gid_t gid; /* Effective GID of owner */ uid_t cuid; /* Effective UID of creator */ gid_t cgid; /* Effective GID of creator */ unsigned short mode; /* Permissions */ unsigned short seq; /* Sequence number */ };

7. Permissions Structure All fields are initialized when the IPC structure is created mode is the same as for the open function but no execute permission uid, gid, and mode can be modified with msgctl, semctl or shmctl Only the creator of the IPC or root can change these

8. Message Queues Similar to FIFO. Allows two (or more) processes to exchange data Not FIFO, messages may be retrieved out of order Message queue remains until deleted or system rebooted

9. Message Queues Message Queues are linked lists of messages in Kernel memory Each message queue has its own identifier Messages within queue can be of different types Queue opened or created with msgget New messages added with msgsnd Messages de-queued with msgrcv

10. Message Queues struct msqid_ds { struct ipc_perm msg_perm; /* Ownership and permissions */ time_t msg_stime; /* Time of last msgsnd() */ time_t msg_rtime; /* Time of last msgrcv() */ time_t msg_ctime; /* Time of last change */ msgqnum_t msg_qnum; /* Current number of messages in queue */ msglen_t msg_qbytes; /* Maximum number of bytes allowed in queue */ pid_t msg_lspid; /* PID of last msgsnd() */ pid_t msg_lrpid; /* PID of last msgrcv() */ … };

11. Message Queues Kernel defined limits MSGMAX: Max size in bytes of a single message MSGMNB: Max size in bytes of a single queue MSGMNI: Max number of message queues system wide MSGTQL: Max number of messages system wide

12. msgget int msgget(key_t key, int msgflg); Gets or creates a queue. msgflg param is used to initialize the mode member of the permission structure Returns message queue ID if ok and -1 on error

13. msgsnd int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg); msqid internal ID of message queue msgsz size in bytes of the message msgflg OR of zero or more of: IPC_NOWAIT, MSG_NOERROR msgp pointer to actual message

14. msgsnd msgp pointer to the actual message. Must be of the form struct mymsg { long mytype; char mytext[512]; };

15. msgrcv ssize_t msgrcv(int msqid, void *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg); Retrieves a message from the queue msgsz is the size in bytes of the text portion of the structure pointed to by msgp msgp is a pointer to a structure that will hold the message retrieved from the queue

16. msgrcv msgtyp used to retrieve messages out of order msgtyp = 0 - retrieve the first message on the queue msgtyp > 0 - return the first message with a matching type msgtyp < 0 - return the first message on the queue with a type <= |msgtyp|

17. msgctl int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf); Performs various operations on a message queue cmd IPC_STAT - gets the msqid_ds structure IPC_SET - sets the following fields of the msqid_ds structure: msg_perm.uid, msg_perm.gid, msg_perm.mode, msg_qbytes IPC_RMID - removes the queue

18. Semaphores Similar to a mutex with a built in counter Provides controlled access to shared resources Counter may be any positive integer Binary semaphores – value of 0 or 1

19. Semaphores To obtain access to a shared resource Test the semaphore that controls the resource If the value is positive, decrement the semaphore count by 1 and access the resource Otherwise, (value is 0) sleep until another process releases the resource and increments the semaphore then repeat

20. Semaphores Data structure for semaphore set struct semid_ds { struct ipc_perm sem_perm; time_t sem_otime; /* Last semop time */ time_t sem_ctime; /* Last change time */ unsigned short sem_nsems; /* # in set */ … };

21. Semaphores Anonymous data structure for a single semaphore struct { unsigned short semval; /* value always >= 0 */ pid_t sempid; /* pid for last operation */ unsigned short semncnt; unsigned short semzcnt; … };

22. semget Create or access a semaphore set int semget(key_t key, int nsems, int semflg); nsems number of semaphores in this set. nsems > 0 when server is creating set, and == 0 when client is accessing existing set semflg the mode member of the permissions struct is initialized with the corresponding permission bits of semflg

23. semop int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops); struct sembuf { unsigned short sem_num; /* semaphore number */ short sem_op; /* semaphore operation */ short sem_flg; /* operation flags */ }; sops is a pointer to an array of sembuf structs nsops is the number of elements in the array All the operations are performed atomically

24. semop sem_op > 0 - process releasing resources. Value of sem_op added to the semaphores current value = sem_op then sem_op is subtracted from it and the process can use the resource. Otherwise, semncnt incremented and process goes to sleep == 0 - process wants to wait until the semaphores value is zero. semzcnt incremented and process is put to sleep

25. semctl int semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, union semun arg); semid semaphore set ID semnum index of a particular semaphore in the set cmd operation to be performed. IPC_RMID to delete semaphore. See page 530 for full list arg optional 4 th argument. Not required for all commands. Note that this is NOT a pointer so we can’t pass in NULL

26. Shared Memory Allows unrelated process to share an area of memory Faster because no copying needed Must be careful to control access (often through the use of semaphores)

27. Shared Memory struct shmid_ds { struct ipc_perm shm_perm; /* Ownership and permissions */ size_t shm_segsz; /* Size of segment (bytes) */ time_t shm_atime; /* Last attach time */ time_t shm_dtime; /* Last detach time */ time_t shm_ctime; /* Last change time */ pid_t shm_cpid; /* PID of creator */ pid_t shm_lpid; /* PID of last shmat()/shmdt() */ shmatt_t shm_nattch; /* No. of current attaches */... };

28. shmget int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg); size number of bytes – specified by the server when creating the shared memory area. Client passes zero for this parameter shmflg – mode member of permissions struct set with the corresponding bits

29. shmat void *shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg); Attaches a shared memory segment to the current process shmid the ID of the shared memory segment shmaddr if zero is passed in (recommended) Kernel will attach at first available location shmflg SHM_RND – rounds to next page boundary, SHM_RDONLY, 0 (attached read/write)

30. shmdt int shmdt(const void *shmaddr); Detaches a shared memory segment shmaddr is the address of the memory segment to detach Returns 0 on success or -1 on error