1. Exercise Science Muscle Mechanics & Sliding Filament Theory

2. Functions of Muscles – Learning Targets
Be able to describe how the muscle contracts in an overview.
Learn the properties of muscles and how they work.
Understand that the brain has a direct link to the muscles through the “motor unit”
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3. Functions of Muscles – Major Questions
Describe what is happening to the sarcomere during concentric and isometric contractions.
List the 12 steps of contraction with as much detail as possible.
What chemicals are involved in muscle contraction?
What would happen if one of these chemicals (calcium, ATP) wasn’t present during an athletic event?
Homework:
a) figure out the chemical composition of ATP and how it breaks down.
b) When it breaks down, what happens in the muscle?
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4. Major Functions of Muscles
Movement
Includes: breathing, eating, and the beating of our hearts
Support
Heat production
There are over 600 muscles in the human body.
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5. Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscles:
Voluntary, striated, and attach to bones by tendons and other tissue
Cardiac muscles:
Involuntary, striated, and found in one place – the heart
Smooth muscles:
Involuntary, non-striated, and surround the body’s internal organs
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
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6. Properties of Muscle Fibre
Irritability
Refers to muscle responding to stimuli
Contractibility
Refers to muscle shortening in length
Elasticity
Refers to muscle stretching and returning to normal position
Extensibility
Refers to muscle extending in length
Conductivity
Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses
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7. Neuromuscular Junction
Axon
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
Sarcolemma
Axon Terminal
Synaptic Cleft
Receptor
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8. The Motor Unit Dendrites Neuron cell body Axon hillock Motor neuron
Myelin sheath
Direction of action potential
Neurolemma
Neuromuscular junction
Terminal branches
Motor end plate
Muscle fibres
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9. The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibre looking outward:
Perimysium
Binds muscle fibres together
Epimysium
Sheath enveloping entire muscle
Muscle fibre looking inward:
Endomysium
Sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibre
Sarcolemma
Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
Myofibrils
Contain actin and myosin
Sarcomeres
Contains myosin and actin
Muscle fibre
Perimysium
Epimysium
Endomysium
Muscle belly
Tendon
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10. Muscle Fibre Sarcomere Epimysium Perimysium Muscle belly Z line Z line
Tendon
Muscle Fibre
Thick filament
Thin filament
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibril
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11. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments):
Attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession
Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
Known as the sliding filament theory
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

12. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments)
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

13. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges
Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

14. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges
Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

15. The Role of Adenosine Triphosphate
The sliding filament theory at the molecular level:
Nerve impulse transmitted through the muscle fibre and releases calcium ions
Calcium (in presence of troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates the interaction of myosin and actin molecules
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source behind the release of calcium
ATP detaches myosin from the actin molecule
ATP must be replaced through food metabolism for process to continue
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

16. The Role of Calcium Sarcolemma Longitudinal
tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Outer vessicle of sarcoplasmic reticulum (Terminal cisternae)
Transverse tubule (T-tubule)
Terminal cisternae Transverse tubule Terminal cisternae
Triad
H zone
A band
I band
Z line
Myofibrils
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17. Resources – lesson on SFT and video
This resource will show you each step of the contraction and explain how the sarcomere works
Sliding Filament Theory Video:
Part 1:
Part 2:
Other sliding Filament Theory Video:
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.