1. Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

2. Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Magma Sediment Pressure And Cementation Weathering/Erosion Heat and Pressure Cooling Heat Pressure Weathering Erosion

3. Sediments (soft) Material (such as gravel, sand, mud, and lime) that is transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity; Material that is precipitated from solution; Deposits of organic origin (such as coal and coral reefs). Sedimentary Rock (hard) Rock formed by the accumulation and consolidation of sediment.

4. Sediments - unconsolidated particles created by 1. The weathering of rock 2. The secretions of organisms or decomposition of organic matter 3. Chemical precipitation

5. Sedimentary Rocks Composed of lithified sediments - by compaction - by cementation Two (Textures) clastic (detrital) non-clastic

6. Types of Sediments Clastic Non-clastic 1. Biochemical 2. Chemical

7. 1. Clastic 2. Non-clastic * Biochemical * Chemical 1. Phaneritic 2.Aphanitic * Glassy * Vesicular Igneous RocksSedimentary Rocks

8. 1. Clastic – broken fragments of rock produced by weathering. Range in size from largest boulder to smallest clay particle. Classified according to size. Found everywhere on the Earth. Types of Sediments

9. Clastic Texture Texture - Size, shape, and distribution of particles that collectively make up a rock Size Rounding Sorting

10. Clastic Sediment Size

11. Clastic Texture Roundness – the shape of sediment grains. Related to the distance a sediment has been transported.

12. Roundness / Sphericity of Sediments

13. Size Rounding Sphericity Sorting

14. Clastic Sediments Sorting Sorting – separation of sediments by grain size and density. Poorly sorted – sediment with a wide range of grain sizes. Well sorted – sediment with a small range of grain sizes.

15. Sorting of Sediments

16. Sorting - a function of transported 1. Water 2. Wind 3. Glaciers

17. Texture and Transport Distance In general, as transport distance increases, rounding and sorting increase. Examples: Breccia – cemented close to source Conglomerate – transported then cemented

18. SourceDownstreamBeachOffshoreBasin Breccia Conglomerate Arkose Sandstone Swamp Lithic Sandstone Quartz Sandstone Reef Siltstone Shale Halite, Gypsum, Chert (Evaporites) (Playa Lake) Coal Limestone Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Smaller….Rounder…..Better Sorted Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks Coquina Depositional Environments of Sedimentary Rocks

19. Transport by Water Saltation – particles move downstream in short jumps. Bed load – material transported by saltation Suspended load – material carried in water for long distances

20. Transport by Water

21. Sorting by Water Graded Beds

22. Fining up Graded Beds

26. Sorting by Wind

28. Cross Bedding – water or wind

30. Sorting by Glaciers

32. Clast Size / Rock Name Relationship Large ClastsSmall Clasts

33. Breccia - Formed at the source

34. Conglomerate – Formed near the source

35. Sandstone – Down stream to just off shore

36. Stream Deposit Tidal Flat Deposit

37. Off-Shore Environments

38. Strata Stratum Stratigraphy Stratigraphic - relating to layered sedimentary rocks

39. Bedding – Layering or stratification in sedimentary rock

40. 2. Biochemical (non-clastic) – composed of remains of plants or animals. Types of Sediments

41. Biochemical Sediments (non-clastic) Corals - Large components of reefs. Bivalves, Gastropods, Foraminifers - Whole or partial skeletons form sand and gravels. Aglae, Crinoids, Echinoderms, Bryozoans - disintergrate to form some sand particles and lime mud. Diatoms, Radiolaria – Bedded chert SiO 2 Terestrial Sediments - mainly plant matter Marine Sediments - mainly carbonates

42. Coral (carbonate)

43. Foramanifera

44. Diatoms

45. 3. Chemical (non-clastic) – formed by minerals precipitating from solution. - Inorganic process, no biological activity involved. Types of Sediments

46. Bonneville Salt Flats

47. Chemical Sediments (non-clastic) 1. Terestrial - Evaporites: Gypsum - CaSO 4. H 2 O Anhydrite - CaSO 4 Halite - NaCl 2. Marine - Carbonates - CaCO 3 (Whitings)

48. Clastic Rock – composed of fragments of preexisting rocks. Non-clastic Rock – composed of chemical precipitates or biogenic matter. Sedimentary Rocks

49. Ripple Marks

50. Mud Cracks

51. Burrows

52. Depositional Environments Where sedimentary rock live!

54. Delta building into lake. SE Alaska.

55. small fan emerging from a wineglass canyon. Death Valley, CA.

56. Ripples on tidal flat, SE Alaska

57. Son-Kul River, Tien Shan Mtns., Kyrgyzstan

58. Peanut Brittle Conglomerate in Southern Illinois