1. Stratigraphy and fossils
Figure 8.2 (page 201)
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2. Sedimentation in
lake or sea

3. Sedimentation in
lake or sea
Sediments are deposited in horizontal
layers and slowly change into rock.

4. Younger
Older

5. Younger
Older
If left undisturbed, the youngest layers
remain above the oldest.

6. Stratigraphy and fossils
Key Figure 8.3 (page 202)
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7. Outcrop A
Outcrop B I II II
III

8. Outcrop A
Outcrop B I II II
III

9. Outcrop A
Outcrop B I II II
III

10. Some of the fossils found in
outcrop A are the same as
fossils found in outcrop B,
some distance away.
Outcrop A
Outcrop B I II II
III

11. Some of the fossils found in
outcrop A are the same as
fossils found in outcrop B,
some distance away.
Outcrop A
Outcrop B I II II
Layers with the same fossils are the same age.
III

12. Some of the fossils found in
outcrop A are the same as
fossils found in outcrop B,
some distance away.
Outcrop A
Outcrop B I II II
Layers with the same fossils are the same age.
III

13. Stratigraphic succession
Younger rocks I II
III
Older rocks
A composite of the two outcrops.

14. Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the principle of relative dating that is most useful in correlating rock strata among widely separated areas (regionally).
A. Superposition
B. Faunal succession
C. Cross-cutting relationships
D. Original horizontality

15. Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the principle of relative dating that is most useful in correlating rock strata among widely separated areas (regionally).
A. Superposition
B. Faunal succession
C. Cross-cutting relationships
D. Original horizontality

16. Stratigraphy and fossils
Who established the Principle of Faunal Succession?
A. James Hutton
B. Nicolaus Steno
C. William Smith
D. Harry Hess

17. Stratigraphy and fossils
Who established the Principle of Faunal Succession?
A. James Hutton
B. Nicolaus Steno
C. William Smith
D. Harry Hess

18. Stratigraphy and fossils
True or False: The Principle of Faunal Succession only applies to a single region, and it cannot be used to correlate stratigraphic sequences on different continents.
A. True
B. False

19. Stratigraphy and fossils
True or False: The Principle of Faunal Succession only applies to a single region, and it cannot be used to correlate stratigraphic sequences on different continents.
A. True
B. False

20. Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the kind(s) of geologic data that can be used to globally correlate strata.
A. Fossil data
B. Paleomagnetic data
C. Seismic data
D. Radioactive isotope data
E. All of the above

21. Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the kind(s) of geologic data that can be used to globally correlate strata.
A. Fossil data
B. Paleomagnetic data
C. Seismic data
D. Radioactive isotope data
E. All of the above

22. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
Figure 8.11 (page 209)
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23. Rubidium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Protons
Electron

24. Rubidium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Protons
Electron
A neutron decays,
ejecting an electron…

25. Rubidium-87 nucleus
Strontium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Protons
Electron
A neutron decays,
ejecting an electron…

26. Rubidium-87 nucleus
Strontium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Protons
Electron
A neutron decays,
ejecting an electron…
…and producing a proton,
which changes the atom.

27. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
What do all isotopes of any given element have in common?
A. Number of protons
B. Number of neutrons
C. Combined number of protons and neutrons
D. All of the above

28. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
What do all isotopes of any given element have in common?
A. Number of protons
B. Number of neutrons
C. Combined number of protons and neutrons
D. All of the above

29. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
True or False: The half-life of a radioactive isotope does not vary with changes in temperature and pressure.
A. True
B. False

30. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
True or False: The half-life of a radioactive isotope does not vary with changes in temperature and pressure.
A. True
B. False

31. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
A mineral forms and initially incorporates only the parent atoms of a radioactive isotope and no daughter atoms. The parent has a half-life of 5000 years. How long before the parent to daughter ratio is 1:3?
A years
B. 10,000 years
C. 15,000 years
D. 20,000 years

32. The radioactive decay of rubidium to strontium
A mineral forms and initially incorporates only the parent atoms of a radioactive isotope and no daughter atoms. The parent has a half-life of 5000 years. How long before the parent to daughter ratio is 1:3?
A years
B. 10,000 years
C. 15,000 years
D. 20,000 years

33. Original Horizontality
The principles of Original Horizontality and Superposition allow for ____________ dates to be determined.
A. Absolute
B. Numeric
C. Relative
D. Radiogenic

34. Original Horizontality
The principles of Original Horizontality and Superposition allow for ____________ dates to be determined.
A. Absolute
B. Numeric
C. Relative
D. Radiogenic

35. Original Horizontality
In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks where do the oldest rock strata occur?
A. At the top of the sequence
B. At the bottom of the sequence
C. It depends on the depositional environment

36. Original Horizontality
In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks where do the oldest rock strata occur?
A. At the top of the sequence
B. At the bottom of the sequence
C. It depends on the depositional environment

37. Sedimentary bedding
True or False: Sediments can remain unlithified for millions of years before becoming lithified sedimentary rocks.
A. True
B. False

38. Sedimentary bedding A. True
True or False: Sediments can remain unlithified for millions of years before becoming lithified sedimentary rocks.
A. True
B. False

39. Sedimentary bedding
What kind of unconformity occurs between two horizontal sedimentary beds?
A. A disconformity
B. A nonconformity
C. An angular unconformity

40. Sedimentary bedding A. A disconformity
What kind of unconformity occurs between two horizontal sedimentary beds?
A. A disconformity
B. A nonconformity
C. An angular unconformity

41. Wasatch Fault
What is the approximate maximum age a piece of charcoal can be in order to determine its date using the carbon-14 method of dating?
A. 4,000 years
B. 70,000 years
C. 1,000,000 years
D. 50,000,000 years

42. Wasatch Fault
What is the approximate maximum age a piece of charcoal can be in order to determine its date using the carbon-14 method of dating?
A. 4,000 years
B. 70,000 years
C. 1,000,000 years
D. 50,000,000 years

43. Transgression/Regression

44. Transgression/Regression
When sea-levels fall, the sedimentary record of depositions along the coast records this change, which is described as:
A. a transgression
B. a turbidity current
C. global warming
D. a regression

45. Transgression/Regression
When sea-levels fall, the sedimentary record of depositions along the coast records this change, which is described as:
A. a transgression
B. a turbidity current
C. global warming
D. a regression

46. Transgression/Regression
When a transgression is observed in the sedimentary record, it is interpreted from a shift to off-shore marine facies as a result of:
A. decreasing global temperatures
B. sea-level rise
C. subduction
D. sea-level fall

47. Transgression/Regression
When a transgression is observed in the sedimentary record, it is interpreted from a shift to off-shore marine facies as a result of:
A. decreasing global temperatures
B. sea-level rise
C. subduction
D. sea-level fall

48. Transgression/Regression
While hiking in the Grand Canyon of northern Arizona, you stop and observe an outcrop that exposes three different sedimentary rock types. On the bottom is a layer of shale, which is overlain by a layer of limestone, which is in turn overlain by a layer of sandstone. This stratigraphy sequence indicates that a _________ or a _________ in sea-level occurred in this location in the past.
A. transgression; fall
B. transgression; rise
C. regression; fall
D. regression; rise

49. Transgression/Regression
While hiking in the Grand Canyon of northern Arizona, you stop and observe an outcrop that exposes three different sedimentary rock types. On the bottom is a layer of shale, which is overlain by a layer of limestone, which is in turn overlain by a layer of sandstone. This stratigraphy sequence indicates that a _________ or a _________ in sea-level occurred in this location in the past.
A. transgression; fall
B. transgression; rise
C. regression; fall
D. regression; rise

50. Transgression/Regression
What trend would you expect to find in sediments accumulating in any single location along the coast during a sea-level rise?
A. the sediment size should decrease as you look up-section
B. the sediment should become better sorted as you look up-section
C. the sediment should become more rounded as you look up-section
D. all of these
E. none of these

51. Transgression/Regression
What trend would you expect to find in sediments accumulating in any single location along the coast during a sea-level rise?
A. the sediment size should decrease as you look up-section
B. the sediment should become better sorted as you look up-section
C. the sediment should become more rounded as you look up-section
D. all of these
E. none of these

52. Transgression/Regression
Changes in global sea-levels are most often caused by shifts in climate. For example, a transgression would be caused by an increase in the melting rate of polar ice caps, which is in turn driven by:
A. a reduced greenhouse effect
B. an increase in atmospheric dust
C. an increase in global temperatures
D. a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide

53. Transgression/Regression
Changes in global sea-levels are most often caused by shifts in climate. For example, a transgression would be caused by an increase in the melting rate of polar ice caps, which is in turn driven by:
A. a reduced greenhouse effect
B. an increase in atmospheric dust
C. an increase in global temperatures
D. a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide