5. Indian Politics One party (Congress – Gandhi) state 1948 – 1977 Opened to multiple parties Congress back in power 1981-96 Baratiya Janata Party (BJP) –led destruction of Babri mosque in Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh)  BJP in ascendancy 1996 -> BJP philosophy –Indian nationalism, Hindu practice, (Hindutva) –liberal in economic matters, –higher-caste dominated, now branching to other castes (esp. dalit), strongly opposed to Pakistan in favor of nuclear India non-aligned, leans towards Russia as balance

6. Challenges to Indian democracy – separatism and fundamentalism 1948 – 1 million dead; 17 million refugees Punjab – Sikh majority – 3000 killed in Delhi in 1984 after Gandhi assassination – army control; rich state; uneasy relations Assam – lowland-highland tribal conflicts – Hindu. core against periphery; Moslem immigrants from Bangladesh Kashmir

8. India - Regional Incomes

10. Not much confidence here – Contrast with expat investment in China

12. Created state in 1948 separate from India; E. Pakistan exclave 1971 Bengali rebellion – independence of Bangladesh after war with India Allied to and supported by China Ally of U.S. in the Cold War – base of Afghan mujahaddin (CIA bases) Major arms and drugs route to Afghan. Cycles of civilian and military control Military coup Fall 1999  Musharraf Internal turmoil –President (secular) v. religious Islamists Pakistan

14. Kashmir history 1947: India leaves  independence for sub continent 1947-1949: civil war, creation of India and East and West Pakistan Kashmir caught in the middle: –as a result of the bequest of its territory to Maharajah in the 19 th century by the british –Wants to be independent; seeks support from India –Pakistan invades and keeps western part –Jammu and Ladakh (buddhist) side with India –Eastern high valley especially contentious 1965: another war

15. Jammu/Kashmir government

16. Recent Events 1999: on the verge –Pakistani militants invade India Dec. 2001: another buildup on the disputed border –Pakistani terrorists attack Indian parliament but calmed down by the US –Convinced Musharraf (with $$$) to back off and gave Pakistan a key role in the fight against terrorism Recent hopes for negotiations Dashed by the killing of a leading Pakistani militant in Kashmir

18. Pakistan and India Military Indicators