1. Wilson’s Fourteen Points To End All Wars Power point created by Robert Martinez Primary content material obtained from History Alive! Photographs and Illustrations as cited.

2. On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson went before Congress to explain his war aims. Although the war was still raging, he stated an ambitious program to make the world “fit and safe to live in.” He called his blueprint for peace the Fourteen Points. http://207.150.180.135/images/en/thumb/f/fd/300px-Wilson_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg

3. End Causes of War The 1 st goal of Wilson’s peace plan was to eliminate the causes of wars. http://www.stmarystoday.com/features/0609wwilson.jpg

4. Self-Determination A 2 nd goal was to ensure the right to self- determination for ethnic groups so they could control their own political futures. http://www.flickr.com/photos/bruinmccon/451546861/ Street in Paris, France

5. League of Nations The last goal called for setting up an international organization called the League of Nations to ensure world peace. Member nations would agree to protect one another’s independence and territorial integrity. http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/1919/Panorama%20dlG%20-%20Versailles%20003.jpg

6. Territorial Integrity Under the principle of territorial integrity, nations respect one another’s borders and do not try to gain another country’s territory by force. http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/images/Insight_Nov2003_Focus_GVWW_large.jpg

7. Fourteen Points 1 Point One- Countries would not make secret treaties and alliances. Secret alliances had been a cause of WW I. http://chakotay.candw.ky/users/cay11394/world%20handshake.jpg

8. Fourteen Points 2 Ships would be able to travel freely in times of war. U-boat attacks on shipping had drawn the United States into WWI. http://collectinghistory.net/WWI%20U-boat.jpg

9. Fourteen Points 3 Free trade among countries would promote economic growth and reduce trade conflicts that could draw nations into war. http://www.amsouth.com/graphics/FreeTrade.jpg

10. Fourteen Points 4 Countries would reduce their stockpiles of weapons. Militarism had been a cause of WW I. http://www.flickr.com/photos/orange27/1282521427/http://img.search.com/c/cd/300px-British_Mark_IV_Tadpole_tank.jpg

11. Fourteen Points 5 The desires of colonial peoples would be taken into consideration in creating a more peaceful world. Imperialism and competition for colonies had been a cause of WW I. http://www.miracosta.edu/home/llane/courses/hist111/pw/images/imperialism.gif

12. Fourteen Points 6-13 Restoring land taken from countries by war would restore respect for international law. Redrawing borders on the basis of self- determination would reduce conflicts among ethnic groups. http://www.aguilarfence.com/Broken_Fence.jpg

13. Fourteen Points 14 Countries would work together in the League of Nations to resolve conflicts before those conflicts escalated into war. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Pics/81486sm.gif

14. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles negotiated in Paris redrew the map of Europe, granting self- determination to some groups. Some Allies sought revenge on Germany, insisting on a war-guilt clause and reparations from Germany. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11201/11201-h/images/175.png

15. The Big Four When the heads of the 4 major Allies- France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States (The Big Four) – met in Paris for peace talks, they were more focused on self-interest than on Wilson’s plan. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/chimage.php?image=2007/2037/versailles.jpg

16. Wilson’s Plan Crumbles France was concerned with security. France hoped to weaken Germany to the point that it could never threaten France again by greatly reducing its army. http://toyblog.typepad.com/lemon/broken-rock.jpghttp://www.kingma.nu/images/Noorwegen/nor-2-42.jpg

17. “Hang the Kaiser” Lloyd George of England, insisted that Germany accept responsibility for starting the war by inclusion of the war-guilt clause. The treaty required Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies. http://www.flickr.com/photos/15693951@N00/518543078/

18. Reparations Reparations are payments demanded of a defeated nation by the victor in a war to offset the cost of the war. Germans resented both the war-guilt clause and reparations, fearing that the payments would cripple their economic recovery.

19. Wilson Compromises The other countries had lost many lives and property, and they expected compensation. The Allies had borrowed huge sums form American banks to finance the war. They hoped to repay these debts with reparations from Germany. Wilson reluctantly agreed to the harsh treatment of Germany. http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/graphics/wilson3.jpg

20. Dividing the Spoils Parts of Germany were given to France, Poland, Denmark, and Belgium, with little thought about the desires of the people living there. Britain, France, Italy, and Japan grabbed German colonies in China, the Pacific, and Africa. http://www.flickr.com/photos/sesseljamaria/483155331/

21. League of Nations Charter Wilson hoped that including the League of Nations in the final treaty would make up for his compromises on other issues. He believed that by providing collective security and a framework for peaceful talks, the League would fix many problems the treaty had created. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15937/15937-h/images/image135h.jpg

22. Collective Security Wilson believed that the League would maintain peace by providing collective security for its members. Collective security is a commitment by many countries to join together to deal with a nation that threatens peace. http://www.tifaux.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/superfriends.jpg

23. Ratifying the Versailles Treaty Wilson required a 2/3 majority vote from the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty. http://www.amerika.nl/politiek/images/serie/wilsonziek.jpg

24. Opposition Reservationists, such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, were concerned with Article 10 of the League’s charter. This article focused on collective security. It required member nations to work together, and even supply troops, to keep peace. Reservationists feared this would draw the U.S. into wars without approval from Congress. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW1Pics/81579.jpg

25. Taking It to the People President Wilson decides to gain public support directly by planning a nationwide speaking tour. http://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/images/exhibit/wwflagday%20copy.jpg

26. Wilson’s Tour The president embarked on a 8,000–mile speaking tour of the West. He spoke up to 4 times a day. On September 25, 1919, the president collapses in Pueblo, Colorado. His doctor stopped the tour, and Wilson’s train sped back to Washington D.C. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson1.jpg

27. Assistant President – 1 st American Woman President ? A few days after returning to the White House, Wilson has a major stroke that leaves him paralyzed (dying months later.) Wilson’s wife, Edith, is called the “assistant president,” for making decisions on behalf of her husband. President Wilson’s Funeral First Lady Edith Wilson http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson1.jpg

28. Partisanship defeats the Treaty In the end, Partisan politics and Wilson’s refusal to compromise led to the treaty’s rejection and ended Wilson’s hopes for U.S. membership in the League of Nations. http://study.abingdon.org.uk/history/lofn.jpg

29. Inflation and Unemployment Issues closer to home occupy most American concerns, including inflation and unemployment. http://mypages.allwest.com/~llee/storage/soup_kitchen_small.jpg

30. The Big Question ? Could World War II have been avoided if the U.S. had joined the League of Nations ? http://uncyclopedia.org/images/thumb/e/ed/Woodrow-wilson.jpg/180px-Woodrow-wilson.jpg