1. Chapter Fourteen Lymphatic and Immune Systems

2. In this chapter you will
Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic system.
Learn terms that describe the basic elements of the immune system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context.

3. Lymph
Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels
Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes.
Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste products of metabolism.

4. Lymph Nodes Clusters of lymph tissues. Functions of lymph system
Transports proteins back to blood
Absorb fats and transport back to blood
Important role is immune system

6. Interstitial fluid and lymph capillaries – page 547

7. Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and lymph circulation

8. SPLEEN – page 550 Destroys old red blood cells.
Filters microorganisms and
other foreign material out of
the blood.
Activates lymphocytes during
blood filtration. B cells
produce antibodies.
Stores blood, especially
erythrocytes (RBCs) and
platelets

9. Specialized Lymphatic Organs: organs composed of lymph tissue
Thymus gland
Located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs
Secretes a hormone called thymosin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes, which are important in the immune response

10. THYMUS GLAND – page 550 Provides immunity in fetal life
and in early years of growth.
Makes cells immunocompetent
in early life.
Early removal from an animal
impairs its ability to make
antibodies and produce cells to
fight antigens.

11. Specialized Lymphatic Organs: organs composed of lymph tissue
Tonsils
Help protect against bacteria and other harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouth

12. The Immune System

13. Types of Immunity – page 551

14. Immune Response – page 533
B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity.
originate in bone marrow from stem cells
transform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigens

15. Immune Response (cont’d)
T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. The function of T cells varies:
Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and attack antigens.
Other T cells secrete interferons and interleukins that help cells respond to antigens.
Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.
Suppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells.

16. The Immune Response

17. Immunotherapy Examples
Vaccines: killed tumor cells produce cytokines that enhance the immune response
Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside body and reinfused
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells
Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)

18. Vocabulary – pages
Adenoids – mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx
Antibody – Protein produced by b cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens
Antigen – substance body recognizes as foreign.

19. Vocabulary Cervical nodes – lymph nodes in neck region.
Inguinal nodes – lymph nodes in the groin region.
Lymph – thin watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels

20. Review Vocabulary Words

21. Lymphatic and Immune Systems Combining Forms and prefixes

22. COMBINING FORMS immun/o protection lymph/o lymph
lymphaden/o lymph node
splen/o spleen
thym/o thymus gland
tox/o poison

23. PREFIXES
PREFIXES
ana- again, anew
inter- between
Prefix Meaning

24. Terminology

25. autoimmune diseases
Auto
immun/o: protection
Self protection

26. immunoglobulin immun/o - protection Globulin - protein
Protection protein

27. Immunosuppression
immun/o
-suppression: to stop
To stop protection

28. lymphopoiesis
lymph/o: lymph
-poiesis: formation
Formation of lymph

29. lymphedema
lymph/o: lymph
-edema: swelling
lymph swelling

30. lymphocytopenia lymph/o - lymph cyt/o - cell -penia - deficiency
Deficiency of lymph cells in the blood.

31. lymphocytosis lymph/o: lymph -cytosis: increase in numbers of cells
An increase in numbers of lymphocytes.

32. lymphoid lymph/o -oid: resembling Derived from lymph.
Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

33. lymphadenopathy lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland)
-pathy – disease condition
Disease condition of lymph nodes.

34. lymphadenitis lymphaden/o – lymph node -itis - inflammation
Inflammation of lymph nodes.

35. splenomegaly splen/o: spleen -megaly - enlargement
Enlargement of the spleen

36. splenectomy
splen/o
-ectomy
Removal of the spleen.

37. hypersplenism hyper- excessive splen/o - spleen -ism – condition of
Condition of excessive spleen
A syndrome marked by splenomegaly (associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia).

38. thymoma
thym/o: thymus gland
-oma
Tumor of the thymus gland
malignant

39. thymectomy
thym/o
-ectomy
Removal of the thymus gland.

40. toxic
tox/o: poison
-ic
Pertaining to poison.

41. anaphylaxis ana-: away from, backward, up, apart -phylaxis: protection
Away from protection
An exaggerated, life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins

42. interstitial fluid inter-: between
-stitial: pertaining to standing or positioned
Pertaining to fluid that is positioned between (body cells)
Eventually becomes lymph fluid

43. Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Immunodeficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)
opportunistic infections
malignancies
(Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)

44. Kaposi Sarcoma

45. Opportunistic Infections with AIDS – Page 558
Candidiasis
Cryptococcus (Crypto)
Cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Herpes simplex
Histoplasmosis (Histo)
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
Tuberculosis (TB)

46. HYPERSENSITIVITY – page 560
Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen
Ranges from
allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis
Other allergies:
atopic dermatitis
asthma
urticaria (hives)

47. Atopic Dermatitis

48. MALIGNANCIES – page 560
Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)
Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus

49. Staging of Hodgkin Disease

50. QUICK QUIZ: 3. What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS?
anaphylaxis
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Hodgkin disease

51. Abbreviations – p. 563 AIDS CD4+ ELISA
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
CD4+
Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is infected with HIV in AIDS
ELISA
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Test to detect anti-HIV antibodies

52. Abbreviations HIV PCP T4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Causes AIDS
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Opportunistic AIDS-related infection T4
T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the AIDS virus (helper T cells)

53. REVIEW SHEET axill/o armpit cervic/o neck; cervix (neck of uterus)
COMBINING FORMS
axill/o armpit
cervic/o neck; cervix (neck of uterus)
immun/o immune;protection;safe
inguin/o groin
lymph/o lymph
lymphaden/o lymph gland (node)
Suffix Meaning

54. REVIEW SHEET splen/o spleen thym/o thymus gland tox/o poison
COMBINING FORMS
splen/o spleen
thym/o thymus gland
tox/o poison
Suffix Meaning

55. REVIEW SHEET -cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers
SUFFIXES
-cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers
-edema swelling
-globulin protein
-megaly enlargement
-oid resembling
-pathy disease; emotion
Suffix Meaning

56. REVIEW SHEET -penia deficiency -phylaxis protection -poiesis formation
SUFFIXES
-penia deficiency
-phylaxis protection
-poiesis formation
-stitial to set; pertaining to standing or positioned
-suppression to stop
Suffix Meaning

57. REVIEW SHEET ana- up; apart; backward; again; anew auto- self; own
PREFIXES
ana- up; apart; backward; again; anew
auto- self; own
hyper- above; excessive
inter- between
retro- behind; back; backward
Suffix Meaning

58. QUICK QUIZ:
4. What is the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body?
A. atopy
B. lymphadema
C. interstitial
D. lymphopoiesis

59. The End