1. R EGULATION MBA Managerial Economics Lecturer: Jack Wu

2. R EGULATION natural monopoly potentially competitive market asymmetric information externalities public goods

3. N ATURAL M ONOPOLY Average cost minimized with single supplier large scale/scope economies relative to market demand

4. M ARGINAL C OST P RICING Require provider set price equal to marginal cost supply quantity demanded demand marginal cost

5. A VERAGE C OST P RICING Require provider set price equal to average cost supply quantity demanded demand marginal cost average cost

6. R ATE OF R ETURN R EGULATION maximum rate of return on rate base disallowed profit returned to users

7. P OTENTIALLY C OMPETITIVE M ARKET Economies of scale/scope are small relative to market demand technology market demand

8. MATH EXAMPLE Suppose that the demand for electric power is P=10-q. P represents price in thousand dollars and q represents quantity in megawatt-hours. All generating plants have a capacity of 10 megawatt-hours. Generation involves a fixed cost of $50,000 and a constant marginal cost of $1000 per megawatt- hour. Now, suppose that the demand grows to P=10- 0.05q. How many plants would be needed to meet the quantity demanded?

9. S TRUCTURAL R EGULATION Bar franchise holder from vertically related markets prevent monopoly from extending market power

10. M ORAL H AZARD IN M EDICINE supply inflated demand true demand quantity (million hours a mth) price ($/hour) a b

11. R ESOLVING I NFORMATION A SYMMETRY mandatory disclosure regulation of conduct structural regulation

12. E MISSIONS marginal cost to society quantity (tons/year) marg. cost/benefit ($/ton) 35 8000 marginal benefit to society

13. E MISSIONS F EE user fee quantity (tons/year) marg. cost/benefit ($/ton) 35 8000 marginal benefit to society

14. A CCIDENTS marginal cost to driver quantity (units of care) marg. cost/benefit s marginal benefit to society

15. P UBLIC G OODS legal framework enables excludability copyright patent trade-off incentive for knowledge creation economically efficient usage of information

16. P UBLIC P ROVISION For some public goods, practically difficult to enforce exclusion national defense clean air fireworks

17. C ONGESTIBLE F ACILITIES social marginal cost varies with usage resolve through user fee = social marginal cost time usage

18. DISCUSSION QUESTION The demand for electric power in Sol Province is p = 20 - 20q, where p and q represent the price in thousands of dollars and quantity in Megawatt hours, respectively. Suppose that an electricity plant generates power at a constant marginal cost of $1000 per megawatt hour up to a capacity of 10 megawatt hours. Sol Province requires the plant to implement marginal-cost pricing.

19. DISCUSSION QUESTION Illustrate the price and quantity with marginal cost pricing. Suppose that demand grows to P=20-0.1q. At a price of $1000 per megawatt hour, what is the minimum number of plants needed to produce the quantity demanded?