1. Chapter 8 Section 3
Main Idea: The United States mobilized a variety of resources to wage WWI

2. Learning Objectives for Section 3
Identify how the government mobilized the economy for the war effort
Learn how workers mobilized on the home front
Recognize how the government tried to influence public opinion about the war

3. Bellringer/ Section Preview
What was a Liberty Bond? When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, President Wilson called on everyone to join the war effort. To help pay for the war, he launched 4 drives to sell Liberty bonds. The bonds (like today’s savings bonds) were a form of loan to the government. Campaigns to sell the bonds were intense. Celebrities from movie stars to baseball players to opera singers appeared at bond rallies. Artists and advertising experts produced slogans and colorful posters. They appealed to patriotism, fear, or sympathy for war victims in Europe to urge people to buy bonds. In all, the bond drives brought in almost $17 billion

4. Review Questions What were Liberty Bonds?
Describe some of the campaigns that were used to help sell Liberty Bonds?

5. Mobilizing the Economy
Going to war was an expensive undertaking
In 1917 Congress passed the War Revenue Act which established high taxes especially for the rich.
This increased federal revenues by 400% within 2 years
Government also borrow money, increasing national debt from $1.2 billion to $25.5 billion within 3 years, most in the form of Liberty bonds

9. Regulating Industry
Jobs were created to regulate industry and agricultural production and distribution
WIB (War Industries Board) headed by Bernard Baruch regulated all materials needed for the war effort
All goods were used by military first, then leftovers were for civilians

10. Regulating Food Congress passed the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
Gave the government the power to set prices and control the production of food and fuels needed for the military
Herbert Hoover (future President) was appointed head of Food Administration, whose goal was to increase food production, and conserve food supplies

11. Hoover asked farmers to increase food production,
Asked civilians to plant victory gardens, participate in meatless Mondays, and wheatless Wednesdays
Resulted in a surplus of food
Also started a prohibition on alcohol (because it is made from grapes or wheat)
Eighteenth Amendment was ratified banning the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol in the U.S.

13. Regulating Fuel
Fuel Administration was established to set production goals and prices for fuels
It introduced daylight savings time, to increase daylight hours for those who worked long shifts in factories.
Promoted gasless Sundays and heatless Mondays

14. Reading Focus Question #1
How did the government mobilize the economy for the war effort?
Raised taxes, borrowed money through war bonds, regulated industry, food, and fuel in order to supply troops

15. Supplying U.S. and Allied troops
Creating boards and agencies helped the U.S. produce and collect the supplied it needed for the war
Also supplied Allied troops besides American troops
Provided a boost for Allied powers and boost to U.S. economy

16. Mobilizing Workers
During the war, wages for workers increased, however the cost of food and housing went up as well
Laborers were working longer hours to increase production
Workers began joining unions and more than 6,000 strikes were held during the war

17. National War Labor Board
Wilson creates the National War Labor Board in 1918 to judge disputes between workers and management
Also set policies to improve working conditions such as 8 hour work day, equal pay for women,

18. Women’s war efforts
As men left for war, women moved into their production jobs
Worked in factories, at docks, and on railroads
Also worked as teachers and nurses
Some volunteered to sell liberty bonds or dig victory gardens

19. Reading Focus Question #2
How did workers mobilize on the home front?
Laborers worked long hours to produce war materials. Women moved into jobs vacated by men who were sent to the front

20. Influenza Epidemic on the Home Front
50% of American loss of life resulted from a serious flu epidemic
Back in the U.S. an army private complained of flu like symptoms. By the end of the week more than 500 soldiers had the flu.
This was a deadly flu. In one month more than 200,000 Americans died
Public events were cancelled
Germans were blamed for spreading the flu

21. Influencing Public Opinion
Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) headed by George Creel
Started a nationwide campaign of propaganda- newspapers stories, posters, speeches and other materials used to influence public opinion
Americans not only supported the war, also began to distrust everything German
Opened up discrimination to German Americans

22. Reading Focus Question #3
How did the Government try to influence public opinion about the war?
It created the Committee on Public Information to oversee a nationwide campaign of propoganda

23. Limiting Anti-War speech
Some Americans, such as Jane Adams, spoke out against the war
Wilson tried to limit anti-war speech
In 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty
Next year it passed the Sedition Act which made it illegal to utter, print, or publish any disloyal or abusive language criticizing the government, military, or the flag
Resulted in more than 1000 people being jailed

24. Some believed the Sedition Act violated the 1st Amendment
Others believed the Sedition Act was needed to protect military secrets and for the safety of soldiers
Charles Schenck was a socialist who published 15,000 pamphlets criticizing the war. He was jailed. He challenged his conviction as a violation of his Right to Free Speech.
Supreme court upheld his conviction.

25. Review Questions for Section #3
What was the War Revenue Act of 1917?
What was the function of the War Industries Board?
What steps did the fuel administration take to encourage fuel conservation?
What were some policies set by the National War Labor Board?
How did war demands lead to an increase in in union membership?
How did the infulenza epidemic affect American life?
What is propaganda?

26. Section 4: Peace without Victory
Main Idea: The Allies determined the terms for peace in the post-war world

27. Learing Objectives for Section 4
Identify President’s Wilson’s Fourteen Points plan for peace
Learn what was resolved at the Paris Peace Conference
Realize why Congress fought over the treaty
Describe the Impact of World War I on the United Stated and the World

28. Bell Ringer /Preview Section 4
Will the treaty pass? President Wilson had to make compromises in writing the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. The treaty did however, include his greatest dream, a League of Nations that would work to ensure peace. Although he was exhausted, Wilson decided to go to the American people to win support for Senate approval of the treaty. In 3 weeks, he traveled from city to city, speaking several times a day. On Sept. 25th 1919, Wilson collapsed after speaking. After returning to Washington, he suffered a stroke. He refused to compromise on changes and the treaty was defeated. The U.S. never joined the League of Nations.

29. Review Questions
What part of the Treaty of Versailles was most important to Woodrow Wilson?
What was the purpose of the trip that preceded Wilson’s stroke?

30. The Fourteen Points
First 4 points called for open diplomacy, freedom, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers, and reduction of military arms
5th point called for proposed a fair system to resolve disputes over colonies
8-13 dealt with self-determination- or the right of people to decide their own political status
14th point called for establishment of a League of Nations- an organization of Nations that would work together to solve disputes, protect democracy, and prevent war

31. Reading Focus Question #1
What was President Wilsons Fourteen point plan for peace?
A plan that applied the principles of progressivism to foreign policy to help ensure that another war like the Great War would never happen again

32. Paris Peace Conference
President Wilson was the 1st President to visit Europe
Led the American negotiators to the Paris Peace Conference
Began on Jan 12, 1919
32 nations attended
Leaders of U.S. Britain, France, and Italy became known as the Big 4.
Central Powers were not invited to attend

33. Conflicting needs Wilson had a vision of a better world
Other nations wanted to punish Germany
Some nations wanted their independence
Some wanted to build new nations

34. Outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles:
forcing Germany must disarm,
Germany to pay reparations,
Germany had to accept sole responsibility for starting the war,
establishment of League of Nations,
Right to self-determination for Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
Creation of 9 new nations including Czechoslovakia, Poland,& Yugoslavia
Germany strongly opposed the conditions but signed anyway

35. Reading Focus Question #2
What was resolved at the Paris Peace Conference?
Germany had to disarm, pay reparations, take blame, and League of Nations was established

36. The Fight over the Treaty
When president Wilson returned to the U.S. he presented the treaty to Congress
Congress was split into 3 groups
Demcrats who wanted to ratify it
Irreconcilibles who refused it
Reservationists who would ratify it only if changes were made

37. Wilson refused to compromise the treaty and instead went to the American people.
Made 32 speeches in 22 days urging public support for the treaty
He suffered a stroke and spent the rest of his term living in the White House cut off from the public
After Wilson left office in 1921, the U.S. entered into separate peace treat with Austria, Germany and Hungary

38. The Impact of World War I
14 million deaths
7 million permanently disabled people
Resulted in overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire
Devastated European economies
U.S. emerged as the world’s leading economic power
Led women into the workforce
Women granted the right to vote
Period of rapid inflation in the United States

39. Reading Focus Question #3
What was the impact of WW I on the United States and the world?
It left millions of people dead; cost billions of dollars; monarchies were overthrown; European economies were devastated;

40. Review Questions Section 4
What was President Wilson’s purpose for going to Europe?
Who were the Big Four?
How was Congress divided over the Treaty of Versailles?
What casualties resulted from World War I?
How did World War I have a lasting effect on American society?

41. CST Practice Question
During World War I, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in Schenck vs. United States that
Expanded civil liberties
Upheld limits to free speech
Overturned limits to free speech
Made it illegal to refuse military duty

42. Answer
During World War I, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in Schenck vs. United States that
Expanded civil liberties
Upheld limits to free speech
Overturned limits to free speech
Made it illegal to refuse military duty

43. CST Practice Question
To conserve food during World War II, the U.S. government
Introduced daylight savings time
Encouraged Americans to buy war bonds
Limit the alcohol content of wine and beer
Encouraged Americans to plant victory gardens

44. Answer To conserve food during World War II, the U.S. government
Introduced daylight savings time
Encouraged Americans to buy war bonds
Limit the alcohol content of wine and beer
Encouraged Americans to plant victory gardens