1. 13.4 A Flawed Peace

2. The Eastern Front  Russia is far behind other European countries in industrialization  Army faces major losses, some troops desert Bolshevik Revolution – Tsar Nicholas gives up the throne  Russia withdraws from WWI in 1917, signs a separate treaty with Germany

3. U.S. Turns the Tides  U.S. troops are fresh, not war weary  Before: trenches unable to advance more than 10 miles in any direction  After: U.S. fights in the 2nd Battle of the Marne, pushing Germans back

4. Central Powers Surrender  Austria-Hungary faces unrest within its own borders  Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria surrender  German Kaiser abdicates, and armistice is signed on 11/11/1918 at 11 A.M.

5. The Peace Conference  Big Four: leaders from each of the winning powers get together to discuss the peace treaty  U.S. – Woodrow Wilson  England – David Lloyd George  France – Georges Clemenceau  Italy – Vittorio Orlando

6. Treaty of Versailles  Conflicting Visions of Peace  Wilson = fair treatment  Clemenceau = Revenge – land, money, & keep Germany weak  France wants security from Germany in future, so they set up a buffer in the Rhineland  To punish Germany, they take away its colonies, place all of the war guilt on Germany, and assign $33 billion in reparations

7. Wilson’s Fourteen Points  1. Open Diplomacy, no secret international agreements  4. Arms reduction to a point that still insures domestic safety.  5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.

8. Wilson’s Fourteen Points  7. Evacuation of Belgium with restoration of full sovereignty  8. Restoration of the Alsace-Lorraine to France.  10. Autonomy for all nationalities of Austria- Hungary

9. League of Nations  The last of the 14 points:  14. Creation of a covenant for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.  An organization where countries can meet and resolve their problems peacefully

10. Problems with the Treaty  German people question why they must take all of the blame  Harsh punishment leads to German anger, wishes for revenge  Germany cannot feasibly pay the high reparations

11. Redrawing the Map of Europe  New countries form in the Balkans: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey  Germany gives up land, Poland is formed  Russian lands also create new countries such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia