1. Freedom of Speech and Press
Chapter 19
Section 3

2. Vocabulary Libel – false and malicious use of the printed word
Slander – false and malicious use of the oral word
Sedition – an attempt to overthrow the government by violent acts
Seditious Speech – advocating/urging sedition behavior

3. Vocabulary
Prior restraint – the courts cannot restrain speech BEFORE it occurs
Shield law – laws that give reporters some protection against revealing the sources of their information
Symbolic speech – transfer of ideas through some means besides speech
Picketing – walking in front of a business to encourage others not to work or patronize the establishment

4. Freedom of speech ends where other people’s rights begin
Can you say anything?
No, words can be dangerous so people do not have complete freedom to say anything they like
They cannot yell “fire” in a theater or joke that they have a bomb in their luggage at the airport
Freedom of speech ends where other people’s rights begin

5. You have the right to have their say and hear other people
14th Amendment
People are guaranteed the right to free expression, written, spoken and any other means
People are guaranteed the right to a full, wide-ranging discussion of public affairs
You have the right to have their say and hear other people

6. Some forms of expression are not protected under the Constitution
14th Amendment
Some forms of expression are not protected under the Constitution
You may not jeopardize another persons health or safety
You may not libel or slander another
You may not use obscene words, print obscene material or use false advertising

7. Seditious speech is not protected
1ST Amendment
Seditious speech is not protected
The Sedition Acts under John Adams were unconstitutional
Anyone convicted of violating the Alien or Sedition Acts were pardoned by Thomas Jefferson

8. More than 2,000 people were convicted of violating the Espionage Act
Sedition Act of 1917
During WWI, the Espionage Act made it a crime to interfere with the military draft, obstruction of recruiting, hinder the sale of government bonds or speak/write anything bad about the US
More than 2,000 people were convicted of violating the Espionage Act

9. Schenck v. United States, 1919
Charles Schenck, with the Socialist Party, attempted to disrupt the military draft by passing out leaflets encouraging men to resist the draft.
Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the majority opinion

10. Schenck v. United States, 1919
Holmes established the “clear and present danger” rule
No one may communicate ideas which generate a criminal act.

11. In 1951, the Supreme Court heard Dennis v. United States
Smith Act, 1940
During WWII Congress passed the Smith Act, making it a crime to advocate the overthrow of the govt
In 1951, the Supreme Court heard Dennis v. United States
It was decided that it was also illegal to communicate ideas to overthrow the government

12. Overturned the Smith Act
Yates v. United States, 1957
Overturned the Smith Act
It is not illegal to belong to the Communist Party or urge others to join
It is still illegal to urge someone to do something criminal

13. Obscenity
“I don’t know how to define obscenity, but I know it when I see it.” US Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart
The 1st and 14th Amendments do not protect obscenity, but people cannot agree what obscenity is.

14. Obscenity
Congress passed an obscenity law prohibiting obscenity from being distributed by mail.
In 1957, Roth v. US upheld the law but could not provide an accurate determination of what was obscene.

15. Miller Test
Miller v. CA, 1973 decided that material is obscene if it fulfills each of the following criteria
1. The average person, applying contemporary community standards, and taken as a whole finds the work obscene

16. Miller Test
2. The work depicts/describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct
3. The work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value

17. Community Standards
The clause regarding community standards is to recognize that something that is found obscene in Oklahoma City may not be considered obscene in San Francisco.

18. Can public libraries restrict access to ‘adult’ sites?
Porn at the Library
Can public libraries restrict access to ‘adult’ sites?
Yes, if they receive federal funds they must use a filter
Most libraries have fought for full access, as censorship conflicts with open access laws.

19. No, if it is deemed to be libelous they can be sued after the fact.
Prior Restraint
If you know the Sun Sentinel is going to print something derogatory about JPT, can you prevent them before it is printed?
No, if it is deemed to be libelous they can be sued after the fact.

20. The Times planned to print what they knew about the Vietnam War
NY Times v. US, 1971
The Times planned to print what they knew about the Vietnam War
The Pentagon sued to prevent the Times from printing the article
The USSC refused to back the Pentagon because the information was embarrassing, not seditious or under the “clear and present danger” clause

21. Censorship
The USSC has backed school districts, giving them wide latitude when censoring materials and student speech

22. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1988
Kathy Kuhlmeier, editor of her school’s newspaper, sued because the principal deleted articles about pregnant students and birth control
The USSC sided with the principal, that they have the duty to oversee materials written for students.

23. The Media
Can the government restrict what you see in print, on television, or in the movie theater?
Yes and No

24. Yes, although they usually do not
The Media
Can the government insist that a journalist tell who their sources were?
Yes, although they usually do not
In an on-going case, Judith Miller, a journalist for the NY Times, spent 87 days in jail for refusing to name her source

25. The Media
Journalists insist that shield laws are necessary to get stories, especially from whistleblowers.
If the identity of people cannot be protected, people are reluctant to come forward with what they may know.

26. The Movies
The USSC decided that communities can decide whether a motion picture can be seen
The rating system has assisted individuals when deciding if they would choose to see a particular movie.

27. Radio and Television
Radio and TV use public purchased wires and equipment, therefore, fall under the guidelines and restrictions of the government
The Federal Communication Comm. (FCC) fines individuals, such as Howard Stern, for inappropriate content.

28. Appropriateness of content changes over time and place.
Radio and Television
Appropriateness of content changes over time and place.
Lucy (I Love Lucy) was not allowed to:
Say the word ‘pregnant’, (and she was)
Show her and her husband in the same bed unless one foot was on the floor
Show a toilet bowl, even on cleaning ads

29. Radio and Television
TV got permission from the FCC to show films like Saving Private Ryan and Shindler’s List
Restrictions are becoming more severe after the Janet Jackson, 1/5th of a second, “wardrobe malfunction”

30. Radio and Television
Most ‘live’ radio and TV shows today are on a 7 second delay to make sure no other mistakes occur.
Live conversations, or unedited text, are subject to fines if they contain objectionable material.