1. Würm Ice Age ( – BCE)

2. Würm Ice Age : Chronology

3. Würm Ice Age : Climate Record

4. Würm : map

5. Holocene : Climate Record

6. The Three Diffusion Models of the IE Languages
Ursprache (proto-language)
Urvolk (first people)
Urheimat (homeland)
Hypothesis I : Invasionist
Hypothesis II : Farming
Hypothesis III : Continuity

7. Archaeologic Cultures in Western Europe during the Holocene

8. Model I : Invasionist (Kossinna)
Theoretician : Gustav Kossinna
Homeland : Northern Germany
Date : 4000 BCE
Expansion Mode : Military Conquest → Horse + Bronze Weapons + Wheel
Indigeneous Population (AltEuropäische) = peasants + matriarcal (Mother Goddess)
Proto-Indo-Europeans : Nomadic Warriors + patriarcal

9. Model I : Invasionist (Kossinna) - map

10. Model I : Invasionist (Gimbutas)
Theoretician : Marija Gimbutas
Homeland : Ukraine 1960
Date : 3000 BCE
Expansion Mode : Military Conquest → Horse + Bronze Weapons
Indigeneous Population (AltEuropäische) = peasants + matriarcal (Mother Goddess)
Proto-Indo-Europeans : Nomadic Warriors + patriarcal

11. Model I : Invasionist (Gimbutas) - map

12. Objections
Which proofs does the Invasionist Model requires ?
An archaeologic culture stretching from the homeland to western Europe and India. No.
Items attesting the use of horses in combat. No.
Archeologic attestation of significant battles. No.
A good reason to move from the homeland : why should they bother to go anywhere else ? No. « The need for conquest ».
A highly hierarchized society allowing the constitution of a warrior caste. No.

13. What do we actually have ?
A common lexical stock BUT
Very few words are common to ALL the IE languages (around 10)
Some words may have been borrowed from neighbouring languages (ex; the numbers) : inheritance vs. borrowing.
Common grammatical features (verb and noun flexion, affixation) : very little chance of borrowing

14. Model II: Neolithic Dispersal Theory (Colin Renfrew)
An archaeologic culture stretching from the homeland to western Europe and India : the spread of farming from the Fertile Crescent to North-Western Europe (-7000/-3000 BCE)
Items attesting the use of horses in combat. No combat
Archeologic attestation of significant battles. No battles
A good reason to move from the homeland : the demographic rise occasioned by agriculture.
A highly hierarchized society allowing the constitution of a warrior caste. No hierarchized society needed.

15. Model II: Neolithic Dispersal Theory : principles
Hunter-Gatherers : 10km² = 1 people. One side = 3,3km. 30 people = 30 x 10 = 300km². One side = 17km
Farming : 1km² = 10 people. 300km² = 3000 people
Objections :
Many PIE roots are connected with farming. Renfrew’s urvolk did not know farming originally
No IE toponymy in the Near-East.
No correlation between the alleged migrations and the languages phylogeny
*aretrom (plough): aratrum, arazr, ardhr (VI), arklas (Lit), ralo (Pl)
*gwrawon (millstone): yugam (Sk), breo (Br.), kvern (Is), zrunuvi (OS)
*yugom (yoke): yugam (Sk), igo (OS), juk (Got), ieo (Br), yukan (Hit).

16. Model III: Palaeolithic Continuity Theory
Theoretician : Mario Alinei 1990
Homeland : Refugees in Ice Age Europe (Spain, Balkans, Ukraine)
Date : BCE
Expansion Mode : No expansion
Objection :
- Where do the substrata languages (Iberian, Basque, Etruscan, Minoan, etc.) come from ?

17. Summary
I- Invasionist : 3000 BCE in Ukraine, military conquest of Europe and Asia (Kossinna – Gimbutas)
II- Neolithic Dispersal Theory: 6000 BCE in the Near East, pacific spread of farmers (Renfrew)
III- Palaeolithic Continuity Theory : BCE in Europe, without migration.