1. Seasonal variations in SAGE II background aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere SAGE II 論文の要点まとめ 庭野 将徳 2 Sep, 2007

2. Stratospheric Background Aerosol (SBA) - Mean Vertical profiles of SBA: Vertical decrease in the number of particles at larger mode in the lower stratosphere [Thomason & Peter, 2006] Vertical decrease of the amount of carbonaceous aerosols in the lower stratosphere [Murphy et al., 2007] => How is the vertical profile of SAGE II Reff ? - Seasonal cycle in SBA: [Hitchman et al., 1994] Above 26 km, the enhanced uplift of aerosols in summer with the suppressed uplift or horizontal mixing in winter (contrast of winter vs summer) At 16-22 km, rapid horizontal transport and mixing => How is the role of microphysics and dynamics ? (Also how is the hemispheric difference and tropical variations ?)

3. Aerosol formation in tropical upper troposphere (TUT) - In UTU, cold temperature, much water in the cloud region => Aerosol formation: the production of OH, and consequently of gaseous H2SO4 Aerosol loss: the uptake of gaseous H2SO4 & SO2, and the homogeneous freezing of aerosol particles to form cirrus clouds However, the horizontal distribution of aerosols on the whole global in UTU is still unclear …

4. b l,  & R eff (2.5S-N) at 24 km (Fig.1) Before Pinatubo:  & Reff are larger than those in 2000-2003 After Pinatubo: -1998~ for b 0.452 & b 0.525 -2000~ for b 1.02, a & Re => use data for 1998- 2004 to remove interannual variability 3.1. Time variation ↑ El Reventador (Nov 2002) ↑ Pi ↑ Ruiz ↑ Rev

5. Seasonal Amplitude (Fig.2) b 0.452 (%) R eff (%) 3.2. Seasonal Cycle Large amplitude > 15% 1) at 45S-40N above 26 km 2) at 14-21km & 15S-30N 3) over high latitudes above 18 km 4) Below 14 km in subtropics to mid- latitudes -> 1), 2) のみ注目

6. b 0.452 (%) R eff (%) Hemispheric Asymmetry, & a comparison with q w : - Above 26 km, large in SH for , but in NH for q w - Below 20 km: larger in NH for  (& q w from other study) q w (ppmv) Seasonal Amplitude (Fig.2)

7. Climatological b 0.452 (Fig. 3) 20-30S 5S-SN 20-30N 30 km: be out-of-phase between NH & SH 18 km: be in-phase between NH, Eq, and SH 30 km 18 km Min In late spring Max In early winter Min In late winter Max In early winter Min In Apr-Aug Min In Apr-Aug Min In Apr-Aug

8. E 0.452 (Fig. 4) JanApr JulOct 32 16 0 km 90S Eq 90N 3. Very small value at 20-30 o below 16 km in winter-spring 2.Decline of isolines from winter to spring (most robust in spring-summer) 1. Peak value and altitude over tropics decrease toward higher latitudes

9. R eff ( mm ) (Fig. 5) 32 16 0 km small large vertical decrease ~26km: steadily exists even in 2000-2003 A isoline gap depelops with the isoline decline from local fall to winter, and is prominent in local winter-spring Reff value ranges in 0.19-0.20 below 28 km

10. E 0.452 & R eff over 10S-N (Fig.6) 32 24 16 km Jan Jan E 0.452 : Tape recorder signal up to 24 km ( q w ~32 km), E 0.452, q w : in phase DryWet Small values Large values R eff & E 0.452 : the uplift of isoline in Jan-Mar, anomalies in Jan-Jun & Jun-Jan E 0.452 : Phase reversal at the peak altitude (28 km) + + + - - -

11. Month-altitude sections of E 0.452 (Fig.7) km 30 20 10 Downward propagation of positive/negative anomalies down to 26 km Above 26 km, the decline of E 0452 peak altitude in local fall-spring (28-23 km in SH, 27-24 km in NH) => larger decline in SH ! => larger amplitude of E in SH Negative in local winter-summer & positive in local summer-winter at 30 km + + - -

12. 20-30S Month-altitude sections of E 0.452 (Fig.7) km 30 20 10 negative positve 20-30N Upward phase propagation only in NH Below 16 km: a negative in local winter At 16-18 km: a negative in Mar-Jul both in NH & SH with large amplitude in NH positve negative

13. Horizontal map of b 0.452 at 14 km (Fig. 8) Feb Aug H H H H Very small value of  in the winter subtropics at 14km Corresponding to anti-cyclonic outflow from convective area Summer value: larger value than winter value