1. Earth History- Table of Contents RELATIVE vs. ABSOLUTE LAWS UNCONFORMITIES GEOLOGIC SECTIONS

4. Which graph shows the relative duration of geologic time for the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic time intervals?

5. Who’s got the TIME? RELATIVE: order/sequence known, but not the actual date of occurrence. “Time Line” ABSOLUTE: actual date determined by radioactive decay “Clocks in Rocks”

6. “How’d that get there?” In the 17 th C., Nicolas Steno made an important observation: "Sediments are usually deposited in horizontal layers." He called this “ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY”

7. Finding Relative Time The LAW of... SUPERPOSITION: a sedimentary sequence will be OLDEST on BOTTOM (if undisturbed – flat and level).SUPERPOSITION CROSS-CUTTING:CROSS-CUTTING a. Igneous intrusion is younger than rock it has intruded (cut across). Pre-existing rock will undergo CONTACT METAMORPHISM intruded b. Faults – younger than rock displaced FOLDS/TILTS: younger than rocks themselves INCLUDED FRAGMENTS: pieces of rock found IN another rock must be OLDER (formed first).INCLUDED FRAGMENTS

8. Superposition- Superposition- youngest to oldest

9. GRAND CANYON- LAW OF SUPERPOSITION YOUNGEST ON TOP OLDEST ON BOTTOM

10. What is the geologic age of layer B? (1) Cambrian (3) Devonian (2) Ordovician (4) Permian

11. Cross Cutting CROSS-CUTTING

12. Igneous Intrusion - Cross Cutting

14. Folds/Tilts

15. FOLDS - TILTS

16. Included Fragments

18. Other Guidelines for figuring out a sequence: Sedimentary rocks are usually formed under water. Weathering and erosion usually happen above water (on dry land).

19. What is the correct order of development from oldest to youngest?

20. Sequence 1: Uplift & Erosion 1.Limestone deposited 2.Sandstone deposited 3.Shale Deposited 4.Uplift 5.Erosion

21. Sequence 2: Faulting 1.Limestone deposited 2.Sandstone deposited 3.Shale deposited 4.Faulting

22. Sequence 3: Folding 1.Limestone deposited 2.Sandstone deposited 3.Shale deposited 4.Folding

23. By the way… How can you tell if folding has gone so far as to flip the layers over?

24. Sequence 4: Igneous Intrusion 1.Limestone deposited 2.Sandstone deposited 3.Shale deposited 4.Igneous Intrusion Note: contact metamorphism is the same event as the intrusion.

25. Unconformities – Buried Eroded Surfaces Sometimes layers of rock are missing There is a break or gap of geologic time not represented by the layers in an area. The gap represents an unknown length of time No way of knowing exactly what happened but we do know UPLIFT exposed rocks to weathering and erosion. Rocks above unconformity are younger – rocks below older

29. Bedrock outcrops A and B are located at two different locations along the Genesee River in western New York State. Rock layers 1, 2, and 4 are the same in both outcrops. Which statement best explains why rock layer 3 is missing from outcrop B? (1) A fault exists between outcrops A and B. (2) Erosion created an unconformity between rock layers 2 and 4 in outcrop B. (3) A volcanic eruption destroyed rock layer 3 in outcrop B. (4) Metamorphism of outcrop A created rock layer 3.

30. 4 steps produce an unconformity 1.Uplift – area of crust uplifted above sea level (deposition – under water) 2.Erosion – some time after 3.Submergence (subsidence) below sea level 4.Deposition – new sediments deposited on top of the buried eroded surface

31. 1.Layers formed according to superposition 2.Something happens to uplift area 3.Erosion wears away the uppermost layers 4.Area submerges and deposition begins again AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN STEPS 3 AND 4 THERE IS A BURIED EROSIONAL SURFACE AKA AN UNCONFORMITY

35. Practice: what happened here? Unconformities are usually shown in block diagrams with a wavy line to represent the buried eroded surface interface between layers

36. Upper Silurian Carbonates Tilted Ordovician Shales and Sandstones Taconic Unconformity unconformity

37. Applying Principles of Relative Dating to Determine Geologic History of an Area The process of matching rocks or geologic events occurring at different locations of the same age is called CORRELATION

40. Correlation of rock layers often relies upon fossils William Smith (late l700’s) noted that rock layers in widely separated areas could be identified and correlated by their distinctive fossil content This led to the "principle of fossil succession“succession Fossils succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and therefore any time period can be recognized by its fossil content

43. Which fossil might be found in Devonian rock layers?

46. Eurypterus NY State Fossil Silurian index fossil

47. Index fossils – Page 8-9 ESRT Index fossils - any animal or plant that is characteristic of a particular span of geologic time or environment. 2 criteria must be met Life form lived over a wide geographic area – horizontal distribution Life form existed for a short period of time – short vertical distribution

48. Location ALocation BLocation C Rock layer 1WWW Z Rock layer 2W Z Y Z Rock layer 3W X X X Z Which letter would make a good index fossil?

49. OTHER METHODS OF CORRELATION Layers of bedrock exposed (outcrops) on either sides of river valleys/excavations “walking the outcrop” Volcanic ash – large eruption – widely distributed – represents a small time interval LIKE AN INDEX FOSSIL

50. VOLCANIC ASH LAYER AT THE SAME TIME AS THE DINOSAURS BECAME EXTINCT LEAD SCIENTISTS TO LOOK FOR METEORITE CRATER Chicxulub Crater 65 mya 170 km. Wide