1. Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
Essentials of Human Anatomy The Skeletal System 4 Joints of the Skeletal System
Chapter 5
Dr Fadel Naim
Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
IUG 1

2. Joints of the Skeletal System
Articulations
Functional junctions between bones
Bind parts of skeletal system together
Make bone growth possible
Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

3. Naming of Joints
Usually derived from the names of the articulating bones.

4. Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
dense connective tissues connect bones
between bones in close contact
synarthrotic
immovable
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
diarthrotic
freely movable
Cartilaginous Joints
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
Synovial Joints
most complex
allow free movement

5. Fibrous Joints 3 Types Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis
a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connects bones
amphiarthrotic
lies between tibia and fibula

6. Fibrous Joints Suture between flat bones synarthrotic
thin layer of connective tissue connects bones
Gomphosis
cone-shaped bony process in a socket
tooth in jawbone
synarthrotic

7. Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis
bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
epiphyseal plate (temporary)
between manubrium and first rib
synarthrotic

8. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones
pubis symphysis
joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
amphiarthrotic

9. General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Basic features:
articular capsule
joint cavity
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
ligaments
nerves
blood vessels

10. General Anatomy of Synovial Joints – Accessory Structures
Bursae
fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane
Fatpads
often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint
act as packing material and provide some protection for the joint
fill the spaces that form when bones move and the joint cavity changes shape
Tendons
attaches a muscle to a bone
help stabilize joints

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Classified by the shapes of their articulating surfaces
Types of movement they allow
uniaxial if the bone moves in just one plane
biaxial if the bone moves in two planes
multiaxial (or triaxial) if the bone moves in multiple planes

14. Types of Synovial Joints
From least movable to most freely movable, the six specific types of synovial joints are:
planar (gliding) joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
saddle joints
ball-and-socket joints

15. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
hip
shoulder
Condyloid Joint
between metacarpals and phalanges

16. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint
between carpals
between tarsals
Hinge Joint
elbow
between phalanges

17. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint
between proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle Joint
between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

18. Types of Synovial Joints

19. Mobility and Stability in Joints
Motion permitted ranges from none to various extensive motions.
Structure determines both its mobility and its stability.
more mobile = less stable

20. Types of Joint Movements
abduction/adduction
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
flexion/extension/hyperextension

21. Types of Joint Movements
rotation/circumduction
supination/pronation

22. Types of Joint Movements
eversion/inversion
protraction/retraction
elevation/depression

23. Shoulder Joint ball-and-socket head of humerus
glenoid cavity of scapula
loose joint capsule
bursae
ligaments prevent displacement
very wide range of movement

24. Shoulder Joint

25. Elbow Joint hinge joint gliding joint flexion and extension
trochlea of humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
gliding joint
capitulum of humerus
head of radius
flexion and extension
many reinforcing ligaments
stable joint

26. Elbow Joint

27. Hip Joint ball-and-socket joint head of femur acetabulum of coxa
heavy joint capsule
many reinforcing ligaments
less freedom of movement than shoulder joint

28. Hip Joint

29. Knee Joint largest joint most complex
medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur
medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia
femur articulates anteriorly with patella
modified hinge joint
flexion/extension/little rotation
strengthened by many ligaments and tendons
menisci separate femur and tibia
bursae

30. Knee Joint

31. Life-Span Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen over a lifetime
Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height
Synovial joints lose elasticity
Disuse hampers the blood supply
Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer

32. Cycle of Life: Articulations
Bone development and the sequence of ossification between birth and skeletal maturity affect joints
Fontanels between cranial bones disappear
Epiphysial plates ossify at maturity
Older adults
ROM decreases
Changes in gait occur
Skeletal diseases manifest as joint problems
Abnormal bone growth (lipping)—influences joint motion
Disease conditions can be associated with specific developmental periods

33. Clinical Application Joint Disorders Sprains
damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints
forceful twisting of joint
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
overuse of a joint
Tendonitis
An inflammation of the tendon
Caused by excessive use.

34. Arthritis
A group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints that occur in various forms.
swelling of the joint
pain
stiffness
Most prevalent crippling disease in the United States.
gouty arthritis
osteoarthritis :A condition which results when the articular cartilage is enlarged or as deteriorated this results is a decrease in the range of movement of the joint.
rheumatoid arthritis: An inflammation of a joint which is the result of an autoimmune disease

36. THE END