1. 8-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 08 Lecture Outline *

2. 8-2 Articulations and Movement Chapter 8

3. 8-3 Articulations or Joints Articulation or Joint –Place where two bones come together –Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement –Structure correlated with movement Named –According to bones or parts united at joint –According to only one of articulating bones –By Latin equivalent of common name

4. 8-4 Classes of Joints Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones –Fibrous –Cartilaginous –Synovial Functional: Based on degree of motion –Synarthrosis: Nonmovable –Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable –Diarthrosis: Freely movable

5. 8-5 Fibrous Joints Characteristics –United by fibrous connective tissue –Have no joint cavity –Move little or none Types –Sutures –Syndesmoses –Gomphoses

6. 8-6 Syndesmoses Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments Some movement may occur

7. 8-7 Gomphoses Specialized joints Pegs that fit into sockets Inflammations –Gingivitis –Periodontal disease

8. 8-8 Cartilaginous Joints Unite two bones by means of cartilage Types –Synchondroses Joined by hyaline Little or no movement –Symphyses Fibrocartilage uniting two bones

9. 8-9 Synchondroses

10. 8-10 Synovial Joints Allow considerable movement Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton Complex –Articular cartilage and disks –Joint cavity and capsule –Synovial membrane and fluid Bursae –Pockets of synovial fluid –Bursitis

11. 8-11 Types of Synovial Joints Plane or gliding Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball-and-socket Ellipsoid

12. 8-12 Plane and Pivot Joints Plane or Gliding joints –Monoaxial –Example:Articular processes between vertebrae Pivot joints –Monoaxial –Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

13. 8-13 Saddle and Hinge Joints Saddle Joints –Biaxial –Example: Thumb Hinge Joints –Monoaxial –Example: elbow, knee

14. 8-14 Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints Ellipsoid –Modified ball-and- socket –Biaxial –Example: Atlantooccipital joint Ball-and-socket –Multiaxial –Examples: shoulder and hip joints

15. 8-15 Types of Movement Gliding Angular –Flexion and Extension Hyperextension Plantar and Dorsiflexion –Abduction and Adduction Circular –Rotation –Pronation and Supination –Circumduction

16. 8-16 Flexion and Extension

17. 8-17 Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

18. 8-18 Abduction and Adduction

19. 8-19 Rotation and Pronation and Supination

20. 8-20 Circumduction

21. 8-21 Special Movements Unique to only one or two joints Types –Elevation and Depression –Protraction and Retraction –Opposition and Reposition –Inversion and Eversion

22. 8-22 Elevation and Depression

23. 8-23 Protraction and Retraction

24. 8-24 Excursion

25. 8-25 Opposition and Reposition

26. 8-26 Inversion and Eversion

27. 8-27 Range of Motion Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint Types –Active –Passive Influenced by –Shape of articular surfaces forming joint –Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces –Strength and location of ligaments and tendons –Location of muscles associated with joint –Amount of fluid in and around joint –Amount of use/disuse of joint –Amount of pain in and around joint

28. 8-28 Temporomandibular Joint TMJ Combination plane and ellipsoid joint TMJ Disorders –Cause most chronic orofacial pain

29. 8-29 Shoulder Joint

30. 8-30 Elbow Joint

31. 8-31 Hip Joint

32. 8-32 Knee Joint Modified hinge joint Menisi: Fibrocartilage articular disks Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial

33. 8-33 Knee Injuries and Disorders Football injuries Bursitis Chondromalacia –Softening of cartilage Hemarthrosis: –Acute “Water on the knee” –Slower accumulation

34. 8-34 Ankle Joint Highly modified hinge joint Ligaments of arch –Hold bones in proper relationship –Transfer weight

35. 8-35 Effects of Aging on Joints Tissue repair slows Production of synovial fluid declines Ligaments and tendons become less flexible Decrease in ROM

36. 8-36 Joint Disorders Arthritis –Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear –Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease Joint infections –Lyme disease: Tick vector Gout –Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)