1. Plate Tectonics

2. What is Plate Tectonics?
Scientists know that Earth’s surface consists of a number of rigid, yet movable, pieces called plates.
The study of the formation and movement of these plates is called plate tectonics.
There are about a dozen major plates and several minor plates.

5. These major plates are free of charge on page 5 of your ESRT
These major plates are free of charge on page 5 of your ESRT. We will learn this page later this week.

6. About the Plates
Together, the crust and mantle of the Earth make up a single solid layer called the lithosphere.
The lithosphere is rigid, but broken up into these plates that move.
It is approximately 100 km thick.
Recall, there are two types of crust: oceanic and continental.

7. About the Plates Which type of igneous rock makes up oceanic crust?
Yes, that’s right! Basalt
Which type of igneous rock makes up continental crust?
You got it! Granite
Which one is more dense?
You’re brilliant! It’s basalt. Of course, remember, we can go to page 10 of our ESRT and get that info for free!

9. About the Plates
The lithosphere rests on a layer in the mantle called the asthenosphere.
This layer is partially melted, thus, it’s what causes the plates in the lithosphere to move!
Guess what it is in the asthenosphere that forces the movement of the plates?
Our old friend… Convection Currents!!

10. About the Plates
Where convection currents are rising, it will push apart 2 plates!!
Where convection currents are sinking, it will pull 2 plates together!!
Convection current animation

11. This is also free of charge on page 10 of your ESRT!!

12. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
There are 4 major pieces of evidence that support the theory of plate tectonics:
1. Africa and South America
2. Magnetism of Seafloor
3. Earthquakes and Volcanoes
4. Heat Flow and Seafloor Elevation

13. Evidences for Plate Tectonics
Africa and South America
There is a remarkable similarity in the shape of the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America.
They look like they fit together like puzzle pieces.
This suggest that they were once together.
This theory is called the continental drift theory.
Alfred Wegener was the scientist who proposed this theory.

14. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
Wegener also noted that the fossil remains of the Mesosaurus were only found in 2 places:
1. West coast of Africa
2. East coast of South America
This further supported his theory.
The name for the large land mass that was all the continents together is known as Pangaea.

15. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
Pangea Breakup Animation

16. More Fossil Evidence

17. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
Magnetism of Seafloor
Some igneous rocks contain magnetic minerals.
These minerals will align themselves towards Earth’s poles.
When we look at the bottom of the ocean floor, we see a banding pattern of magnetic minerals in the rocks.
They are aligned one way for a chunk of time and then reversed the other way.

18. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
This suggests that Earth’s poles have reversed in the past.
These bands allow scientist to date the rocks of the ocean floor.
The youngest rocks are found at the spreading center, where new rock is being formed.
The oldest rocks are found along the coasts of the continents.
This proves that the plates have been moving for millions of years.

19. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
(Normal)
(Reversed)
                                           

20. Age of seafloor by magnetic stripes
Fig. 3-12
Age of seafloor by magnetic stripes

21. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
It has been long observed that earthquakes and volcanoes DO NOT occur randomly on Earth’s surface.
Instead, they tend to occur in specific belts.
These belts just happen to be location of the boundaries between the plates.
These boundaries are so active that stress builds up and causes earthquakes.
In addition, the boundaries are areas of extreme heat flow, causing volcanoes.

23. Location of earthquakes – each black dot is an earthquake

24. Evidences For Plate Tectonics
Heat Flow and Seafloor Elevation
Heat flow at plate boundaries provides evidence of convection currents in the asthenosphere.
Heat flow is highest at a spreading center, where two plates are moving apart.
At this center, the seafloor is elevated because the heated materials are expanding.
These elevated centers create ocean ridges. The most well-known is the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge.

26. Types of Plate Boundaries
There are 3 main types of plate boundaries:
1. Divergent
2. Convergent
3. Transform

27. Types of Plate Boundaries
1. Divergent Boundaries
Also known as spreading centers.
2 lithospheric plates are moving APART (diverging).
Most are found on the seafloor, forming ocean ridges.
Because of this, some of the world’s oceans are getting bigger!
Ocean ridges have valleys called rift valleys.
The rift valleys are broken into fracture zones.
These are the sources of earthquakes.

28. Divergent Plate Boundary Animation

29. Types of Plate Boundaries
2. Convergent Boundaries
2 tectonic plates are moving TOGETHER. (converging)
Three types of convergent boundaries:
1. Ocean-Ocean crust convergence
2. Ocean-Continental crust convergence
3. Continental-Continental crust convergence

30. Types of Plate Boundaries
Ocean-Ocean Convergence and Ocean-Continental Convergence:
2 oceanic plates coming together or 1 ocean plate and one continental plate coming together.
One plate will be pushed under the other (the MORE dense one gets pushed under).
This is called subduction.
Subduction creates trenches.
The subducted plate melts and this will form volcanoes or island arcs (volcanic islands).

31. Ocean-Continental Convergence Animation
Ocean-Ocean Convergence Animation

32. Types of Plate Boundaries
Continental-Continental Convergence:
2 continental plates are coming together.
When they collide, NO subduction occurs because continental crust is not very dense and one will not subduct another.
Instead, the crust gets crumpled and uplifted and often creates mountain ranges.
The most famous is the Himalayas when India collided with Eurasia.

33. India colliding with Eurasia animation

34. Types of Plate Boundaries
3. Transform Boundaries:
2 plates SLIDE past each other.
Crust will be deformed and fractured due to the friction and stress.
This will create faults and cause earthquakes at these boundaries.
Most famous transform fault is the San Andreas Fault in California.

35. San Andreas Fault Picture
San Andreas Fault animation

36. Bridge over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland!

37. Rift Valley in Iceland

39. It’s Changing The Earth!
Stop Plate Tectonics
It’s Changing The Earth!