1. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: synarthroses: (immovable)
amphiarthroses: (slightly moveable)

2. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints:
diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable)

3. Gliding and Condyloid

4. Hinge and Saddle

5. Pivot and Ball&Socket

6. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: Flexibility Stability
synarthroses:
amphiarthroses:
diarthroses:

9. Joint Architecture Classification of Joints:
diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable)
characterized by:
articular cartilage –
articular capsule –
Synovial fluid
bursae

11. Articular fibrocartilage: soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones
Functions of articular fibrocartilage?
distributing loads over joint surfaces
improving the
limiting
protecting the joint periphery
lubricating the joint
absorbing shock at the joint

12. Joint Architecture Articular connective tissues tendons - connect
ligaments -connect

13. Ligaments and Tendons primarily what fiber type?

14. Arrangement dictates type of load strength

17. Stress/strain of bone vs ligament

18. Can ligaments and tendons be strengthened?

19. Joint Stability
What is joint stability?
ability of a joint to

20. Joint Stability What factors increase joint stability?
a closely reciprocating match of the articulating bone surfaces (stability is maximal when joints are in the )
a strong array of crossing the joint
absence of muscle fatigue

21. Increased joint stability

22. Joint Flexibility What is joint flexibility?
ability of joints to go through full ROM in
range of motion (ROM) - the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction

23. Joint Flexibility
What factors influence joint flexibility?

24. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
What sensory receptors influence the extensibility of the musculotendinous unit?
Golgi tendon organs - inhibit tension in muscle & initiate tension development in antagonists

25. Golgi Tendon Organ

26. GTO

27. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
What sensory receptors influence the extensibility of the musculotendinous unit?
Golgi tendon organs - inhibit tension in muscle & initiate tension development in antagonists
muscle spindles - provoke reflex contraction in stretched muscle & inhibit tension in antagonists

29. Muscle spindle

30. Golgi Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindles: How do they Compare?
Location
Within tendons near the
Interspersed among
muscle-tendon junction
muscle fibers in parallel
in series with muscle fibers
with the fibers
Stimulus
Increase in muscle tension
Increase in muscle length
Response
1) Inhibits tension develop-
1) Initiates rapid contract-
ment in stretched muscle,
ion of stretched muscle
2) Initiates tension develop-
2) Inhibits tension develop-
ment in antagonist
ment in antagonist
muscles
muscles
Overall
Effect
Promotes stretch in muscle
Inhibits stretch in muscle
being stretched
being stetched

31. Golgi Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindles: How do they Compare?
Location
Within tendons near the
Interspersed among
muscle-tendon junction
muscle fibers in parallel
in series with muscle fibers
with the fibers
Stimulus
Increase in muscle tension
Increase in muscle length
Response
1) Inhibits tension develop-
1) Initiates rapid contract-
ment in stretched muscle,
ion of stretched muscle
2) Initiates tension develop-
2) Inhibits tension develop-
ment in antagonist
ment in antagonist
muscles
muscles
Overall
Effect
Promotes stretch in muscle
Inhibits stretch in muscle
being stretched
being stetched

32. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
active stretching- produced by active development of tension in the
passive stretching - produced by a force other than tension in the opposing muscles

33. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
ballistic stretching- a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches
static stretching - maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time-usually about 30 seconds

34. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
What is PNF?
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched