1. Chapter 6
Skeletal System

2. Functions Support Protect Movement and anchorage Mineral storage
hemopoiesis

3. Structure and Formation of Bone
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell
Organic material (flexibility)
Collagen
Jellylike material
Inorganic material (hardness and durability)

4. Long Bones Shaft or diaphysis Each end is the epiphysis
Covered by articular cartilage
In center is the medullary canal
Yellow bone marrow
Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal)

5. Long Bones Red marrow Periosteum Ends of long bones
Manufacture red blood cells and some white blood cells
Periosteum
Covering on outside of the bone

6. Growth Grow in length Ossify from center outward Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

7. Growth Growth stops when all the epiphyseal cartilage is ossified
Females grow until about 18 years of age
Males grow until about years of age

8. Bone Types
Long bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Short bones

9. Skeletal System Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone
Appendicular skeleton
Upper and lower extremities

10. Axial Skeleton 22 bones of the skull 14 facial bones
Spinal column (vertebra)
Ribs and sternum

11. The Skull

12. The Skull

13. Appendicular Skeleton Upper Extremities
Shoulder girdle
Arm
Hand

14. Appendicular Skeleton Lower Extremities
Pelvic girdle
Upper leg
Lower leg
Ankle
Foot

15. Joints Called articulations Diarthroses (moveable) joints
Points of contact between two bones
Diarthroses (moveable) joints
Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints
Synarthroses (immovable) joints

16. Joints Articular cartilage Articular capsule Bursa sacs
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Synovial cavity
Bursa sacs

17. Diarthroses Joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Gliding joints

18. Animation – Types of Joints
Click Here to play
Types of Joints animation

19. Amphiarathroses Joints
Partially movable joints
Cartilage between their articular surfaces
Examples:
Ribs to the spine
Symphysis pubis

20. Synarthroses Joints Immovable joints
Connects by tough, fibrous connective tissue
Example:
Adult cranium
Cranial joints called sutures

21. Types of Motion
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

22. Types of Motion
Rotation
Promation
Supination

23. Aging Bone mass and density decline External surfaces of bones thicken
Intervertebral cartilage disks shrink
Center of balance is altered

24. Aging Joints less mobile Increased rigidity and decreased flexibility
Fear of falling

25. Disorders of the Bones and Joints
Fracture
Greenstick
Closed/simple
Open/compound
Comminuted

26. Animation – Types of Fractures
Click Here to play Types of Fractures animation

27. Repairing Fractures
Closed reduction
Open reduction
Traction

28. Bone and Joint Injuries
Dislocation
Sprain
Hammer Toe
RICE

29. Diseases
Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Gout
Rickets

30. Diseases
Slipped (herniated) disc
Whiplash injury

31. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
Kyphosis (hunchback)
Lordosis (swayback)
Scoliosis

32. Other Disorders
Osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis
Osteosarcoma