1. Joints

2. Articulations
Joint
A point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth

3. Structural Classification
Presence of synovial cavity?
Type of connective tissue?

4. Types of Joints based on Structure
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

5. Fibrous
Fibrous connective tissue
Lack a synovial cavity

6. Cartilaginous
Cartilage
Lack a synovial cavity

7. Synovial Dense irregular connective tissue Acessory ligaments
Synovial Cavity present

8. Functional Classification
Degree of movement they permit

9. Type of Joints Based on Function
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

10. Synarthrosis
Immovable joint

11. Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint

12. Diarthrosis
Freely movable joints
All are synovial joints

13. Three types of Fibrous Joints
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

14. Suture
A fibrous joint composed of dense fibrous connective tissue that unite skull bones only.

15. Suture
Synarthrosis (immovable)

16. Suture
Example: coronal suture

18. Syndesmoses
A fibrous joint

20. Syndesmoses
More distance between bones than sutures

21. Syndesmoses
Fibrous connective tissue arranged as a ligament (bundle) or interosseous membrane (sheet)

22. Syndesmoses
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

23. Syndesmoses
Example: distal tibiofibular joint

24. Gomphosis
A fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket

26. Gomphosis
Articulation between roots of teeth and sockets of the maxillae and mandible.

27. Gomphosis
Dense fibrous connective tissue is the periodontal ligament

28. Gomphosis
Synarthrosis (immovable joint)

29. Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses

30. Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage

32. Synchondroses
Synarthrosis (immovable joint)

33. Synchondroses
Example: epiphyseal plate and first rib and manubrium of sternum

34. Symphyses
Fibrocartilage connects the bones

36. Symphyses
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

37. Symphyses
Example: pubic symphysis

38. Synovial Joints
All diarthrosis

40. Synovial Joints
Contain Synovial Cavity (presence of space between articulating bones)

41. Synovial Joints
Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage

42. Articular Capsule of Synovial Joints
Encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones

44. Articular Capsule of Synovial Joints
Fibrous capsule – outer layer composed of dense connective tissue

45. Articular Capsule of Synovial Joints
Synovial membrane – inner layer composed of areolar connective tissue

46. Synovial Fluid of the Synovial Joint
Fluid in the joint cavity secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane

48. Synovial Fluid of the Synovial Joint
Reduces friction

49. Synovial Fluid of the Synovial Joint
2. Supplies nutrients and removes wastes from chondrocytes within articular cartilage

50. Accessory Ligaments of the Synovial Joint
Extracapsular ligaments – lie outside the articular capsule (Fibular and Tibular Collateral Ligaments)

51. Accessory Ligaments of the Synovial Joint
Intracapsular ligaments – occur within the articular capsule (Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament)

52. Articular Discs of Synovial Joints
Fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones

53. Articular Discs of Synovial Joints
Allow two bones of different shapes to fit more tightly

54. Articular Discs of Synovial Joints
Directs flow of synovial fluid to the areas of greatest friction

55. Types of Synovial Joints
Planar
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and Socket

56. Planar
Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved

58. Planar
Permits side to side and back and forth gliding movement

59. Planar
Example: intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicle, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, vertebrocostal

60. Hinge
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone

62. Hinge
Monoaxial

63. Hinge
Examples: knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal

64. Pivot
Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by another bone and ligament

66. Pivot
Monoaxial

67. Pivot
Example: radioulnar joint

68. Condyloid
Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

70. Condyloid
Biaxial

71. Condyloid
Example: wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints

72. Saddle
Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the other bone fits into the saddle

74. Saddle
Biaxial

75. Saddle
Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

76. Ball and Socket
Consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression of another bone

78. Ball and Socket
Multiaxial

79. Ball and Socket
Example: shoulder and hip joints

80. Torn Cartilage The tearing of articular discs or menisci in the knee.
Occurs among athletes

81. Sprains
This occurs when a joint is twisted and stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bones.

82. Sprains
Ankle joint and lower back are commonly sprained

83. Dislocation
The displacement of a bone from joint, with resultant tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules

84. Dislocation
The shoulder joint is the most common joint dislocated due to shallowness of the socket.

85. Dislocation
Hip joint not common due to acetabular rim is smaller than the head of the femur

86. Shoulder Joint
Glenohumeral joint

87. Shoulder Joint
Ball and socket joint

88. Shoulder Joint
Head of the humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula

90. Shoulder Joint / Anatomical Features
Glenoid labrum – A narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity.

92. Shoulder Joint / Anatomical Features
Glenoid labrum deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity

93. Shoulder Joint / Anatomical Features
Bursae – fluid filled saclike structures that reduce friction in synovial joints

95. Shoulder Joint / Movements
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction

96. Shoulder Joint / Strength
Attains most support from the rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) which join the scapula to the humerus

97. Shoulder Joint / Strength
Rotator cuff muscles hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

98. Elbow Joint
Hinge joint

99. Elbow Joint
Involves the trochlea of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius

100. Elbow Joint / Movements
Flexion and extension

101. Hip Joint
Ball and socket

102. Hip Joint
Head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone

103. Hip Joint / Anatomical Features
Acetabular labrum – Fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum.

105. Hip Joint / Anatomical Features
Acetabular labrum enhances the depth of the acetabulum

106. Hip Joint / Movements
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation of the thigh

107. Knee Joint
One synovial cavity

108. Knee Joint
3 joints

109. Knee Joint
1. Tibiofemoral joint – hinge joint/ between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia

110. Knee Joint
2. Tibiofemoral joint – hinge joint/ between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus, and medial condylye of the tibia

111. Knee Joint
3. Patellofemoral joint – planar joint/ between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur

112. Knee Joint / Anatomical Features
Medial meniscus and Lateral meniscus

114. Knee Joint / Anatomical Features
Contains bursae

116. Knee Joint
Flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of leg in flexed position