1. Topic 11 – Human health & physiology
11.2 – Muscles and Movement

2. Rheumatology – branch of medicine devoted to joint diseases and conditions.
Joints provide mobility and hold the body together.
Joints include: bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerves.
JOINTS

3. joints

4. Bones Bones are composed of many different tissues, considered organs.
Function
Framework for support
Protect soft tissues
Levers for movement
Bone marrow  blood cells
Storage of minerals
Bones

5. Muscles
Tendons
Provide force for movement to occur.
Antagonistic pairs – constriction then release for return to original position.
Attach muscles to bone.
Cords of dense connective tissue.
For movement to occur, it is essential that skeletal muscles are attached to bones.

6. Ligaments
Nerves
Tough, band-like structures that serve to strengthen the joint.
Help to prevent over-extension of the joint and its parts.
Ligaments have many different types of sensory nerve endings to monitor positions of joint parts

8. Label a diagram of the human elbow
Include: cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps).
Label a diagram of the human elbow

9. The elbow joint involves the humerus, radius and ulna bones
The elbow joint involves the humerus, radius and ulna bones. The synovial fluid is present within the synovial cavity. This cavity is located within the joint capsule. The joint capsule is composed of dense connective tissue that is continuous with the membrane of the involved bones.
The parts of the elbow

10. The elbow is a hinge joint
Provides an opening-and-closing type of movement (imagine hinges on a door).
The knee is a similar joint.
Freely movable joints.
Freely movable – diarthrotic joints.
The elbow is a hinge joint

11. JOINT PART
FUNCTION
CARTILAGE
Reduces friction and absorbs compression
SYNOVIAL FLUID
Lubricates to reduce friction and provides nutrients to the cells of the cartilage
JOINT CAPSULE
Surrounds the joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the connecting bones
TENDONS
Attach muscle to bone
LIGAMENTS
Connect bone to bone
BICEPS MUSCLE
Contracts to bring about flexion (bending) of the arm
TRICEPS MUSCLE
Contracts to cause extension (straightening) of the arm
HUMERUS
Acts as a lever that allows anchorage of the muscles of the elbow
RADIUS
Acts as a lever for the biceps muscle
ULNA
Acts as a lever for the triceps muscle

12. The knee Notice that the Tibia and Femur do not actually make contact.
Although the knee is a hinge joint it also allows for some pivotal movement.
The knee

13. The hip Ball-and-socket joint (allow the greatest degree of movement)
Head of femur (thigh bone) fits into cup-like depression of the hip bone called the acetabulum.
The hip

14. Comparison: Knee to Hip
Hip Joint
Knee Joint
Freely movable
Motion in many directions and rotational movements
Motions possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
Ball-like structure fits into a cup-like depression
Freely movable
Angular motion in one direction
Motions possible are flexion and extension
Convex surface fits into a concave surface
Comparison: Knee to Hip

15. definitions Flexion = decrease in angle between connecting bones
Extension = increase in angle between connecting bones
Abduction = movement of bone away from body midline
Adduction = movement of bone toward midline
Circumduction = distal or far end of a limb moves in a circle
Rotation = a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
definitions

16. 3 types: skeletal (striated), cardiac, and smooth (non-striated)
Striated muscle – skeletal muscle (involved in skeletal movement)
muscle

17. Striated muscle cells Muscles made up of cells
Cellular arrangement produces banded appearance
Muscle cell elongated shape = muscle fibers
Contain multiple nuclei
Membrane of muscle cells called sarcolemma
Cytoplasm of muscle fibers called sarcoplasm
Striated muscle cells

18. More muscle cell structure
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a fluid-filled system of membranous sacs surrounding muscle myofibrils (much like smooth ER)
Myofibrils – rod-shaped bodies that run the length of the cell
Many myofibrils running parallel to each other
Numerous mitochondria squeezed in between
Contractile elements of muscle cells
Reason for striation
More muscle cell structure

19. Myofibril structure Made up of sarcomeres (units that allow movement)
Z lines mark ends of sarcomere
A bands (both myosin and actin) = dark
H bands (only myosin) = light in middle of A bands
Myofibril structure

20. Support protein in middle of myosin produces the M line (holds myosin filaments together)
I bands (contain only actin) = light color
Two types of filaments (myofilaments) cause banded appearance of muscle fiber
Composed of two contractile proteins
Sarcomere structure

21. Two contractile proteins
Actin
Myosin
Thin filaments (8nm in diameter)
Contains myosin-binding sites
Individual molecules form helical structures
Includes two regulatory proteins, tropomyosin and troponin
Thick filaments (16 nm in diameter)
Contains myosin heads that have actin-binding sites
Individual molecules form a common shaft-like region with outward protruding heads
Heads are referred to as cross-bridges and contain ATP-binding sites and ATPase enzymes
Two contractile proteins

22. Muscle contraction and the sliding filament theory
Muscle contract when actin myofilaments slide over myosin myofilaments.
The myofilaments do not actually shorten.
When the actin component slides over the myosin, the sarcomere is shortened.
With multiple fibers and sarcomeres in a muscle working together, this causes the movements necessary for the organism.
Muscle contraction and the sliding filament theory

23. Key events of muscle contraction
Action potential reaches neuromuscular junction
Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) into gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma
Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
Sarcolemma ion channels open and sodium ions move through the membrane
This generates a muscle action potential
Key events of muscle contraction

24. Muscle contraction cont…
Muscle AP moves along membrane and through T tubules
Acetylcholinesterase ensures one directional AP propagation
Muscle AP releases calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca ions flood sarcoplasm)
Ca ions bind to troponin on actin myofilaments exposing myosin-binding sites
Myosin heads include ATPase (releases energy from ATP)
Myosin heads bind to myosin-binding sites on the actin with help of protein tropomyosin

25. More muscle contraction
The myosin-actin cross-bridges rotate toward the center of the sarcomere. This produces the power or working stroke
ATP binds to myosin head resulting in detachment of myosin from actin
No more AP = fall of Ca ions in sarcoplasm; troponin-tropomyosin complex returns to original position blocking myosin-binding sites; muscle relaxes
More muscle contraction

28. Little extra - Botox Bacteria Clostridium botulinum
Blocks release of acetylcholine and prevents muscle contraction
Can affect diaphragm so breathing stops and death may occur
Active ingredient in Botox
Typically used to relax the muscles that cause facial wrinkles
Little extra - Botox

29. Any questions? Little more extra
When a person dies calcium ions leak and bind to troponin
ATP production has stopped and the actin slides causing rigor mortis (rigidity of death)
Lasts for ~24 hours until further muscle deterioration occurs
Any questions?