1. Imaging Analysis Aneta Siemiginowska Chandra X-ray Center Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

2. What are the goals of Image Analysis in Astronomy? ● Create a nice picture. ● Understand the nature of the source: ● Understand the shape and size of the emitting regions ● Understand temperature distribution, velocity density distribution, composition and metallicity etc. ● Differentiate between emission processes. ● Understand energy and power involved in the observed emission ● Evolution of the source and how it relates to other sources.

3. First X-ray Imaging Telescope The Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2) Tycho Supernova Remnant (1572) Energy: 0.15-3 keV Angular resolution ~6 arcsec! High Resolution Imager Effective Area FOV ~25 arcmin 5-20 cm2 Nov. 1978-April 1981 Credit: HEASARC

4. XMM Newton Tycho Supernova Remnant Aschenbach et al (2000) Launched in Dec.1999 Energy Range: 0.1-15 keV Effective Area: 1500 cm2 at 1 keV FOV ~27-33arcmin Angular resolution ~6 arcsec Energy resolution: E/DE ~ 20-50

5. CHANDRA X-ray Observatory ● Launched in July 1999 ● Energy Range: 0.1-10 keV ● Effective Area: ● ACIS-I ~ 500 cm2 ● HRC-I ~ 225 cm2 ● FOV: ACIS-I 16'x16' HRC-I: 30'x30' ● Energy Resolution: E/DE ~ 20-50 at 1keV ● Angular Resolution < 1 arcsec Color-coded image Credit: CXC Tycho Supernova

6. Angular Resolution Chandra Einstein XMM FWHM ~ 6 arcsec FWHM ~ 0.5 arcsec

7. Galactic Center GRANAT/SIGMA in high energy X-rays and gamma-rays 14x14 deg field Credit: SIGMA team 100-1000 keV Angular resolution: 10 arcmin 30-100 keV

8. Summary I will use CIAO software in image analysis. (but see IRAF, FTOOLS, XIMAGE, XSPEC) * Difference between Image and the Event file? Binning options * Display data in different coordinates, detector vs. sky * Understanding the instrument. * Instrument characteristics * Detecting sources building the source list for further spectral analysis excluding the sources for the extended source analysis * PSF effects * Radial Profile * 2D fitting in Sherpa * Smoothing the image * Image Reconstruction and Deconvolution

9. Event list and Binning PRISM view of the Event file.

12. X-ray Images ● Intensity Maps ● color represents variations in the intensity ● Raw vs. Smoothed images ● true counts per pixel ● average counts/pixel ● True/False color images ● color represents energy ● Temperature maps ● Color represents temperature ● Images from different bands: X- rays/radio/optical

13. Raw Color coded Smoothed Fabian et al (2000) Perseus A CHANDRA ACIS-S

14. Perseus A X-ray/Radio Optical Fabian et al (2000)

15. Coordinates and WCS SKY DET

16. Detector Coordinates: dmcopy "evt.fits[bin det=16]" det_by_16.img ds9 det_by_16.img

17. Instrumental Features ● Understanding the instrument: ● CCD is different than microchannel plate ● Bad pixels or columns: ● Hot pixels, node boundaries ● Trail images

18. Chandra ACIS McDowell 2001

20. Instrument Characteristics ● Exposure Maps ● Background: instrumental and cosmic ● Point Spread Function (PSF)

21. Exposure Maps CHANDRA ACIS Filtered Includes: detector quantum efficiency (QE), non-uniformity across the detector (QUE), mirrors vignietting, bad pixels and columns, chip gaps etc. Units [cm 2 cts /photon]

22. Exposure Maps McDowell 2001

23. CHANDRA Image of Tycho Supernova S = Data / (ExpMap*ExpTime) Credit: CXC

24. Point Spread Function ● Describes the shape of the image produced by a point source (delta function) on the detector: “blurring” ● Depends on photon energy and the location on the sky in respect to the optical axis of the telescope. ● Usually consists of the core and wings => dynamic range

25. CHANDRA PSF 5 arcmin off-axis

26. CHANDRA PSF off- axis 10 arcmin

27. 0.277 keV 9.7 keV Chandra/HRMA on axis PSF Encircled Energy: Radius (arcsec) ● Fraction of Counts enclosed within the area of a given radius. ● Energy dependent: @ 0.277 keV 95% in 1'' @ 9.7 keV 75% in 1''

28. ACIS-S data Simulated PSF Fruscione et al 2002

29. Analysis Challenges ● PSF needs to be included in the X-ray analysis. ● PSF variations across the detector have to be taken into account in any multi-scale analysis. ● PSF affects determination of a shape of the source. ● Separation of overlapping sources: ● Size and boundaries of each source ● Luminosity of each source ● Pile-up modification of the PSF

30. Background ● Background radiation is common to X-ray detectors: ● Background due to diffuse X-ray background emission => contribution from unresolved sources ● Charged particle background => non-X-ray background ● Unrecognizable source contribution (trail images)

31. Chandra ACIS

32. Analysis Challenges ● Non-uniformity of the background radiation. ● Time-Variability in background intensity. ● Spurious events not recognized as background and interpreted as source.

33. CHANDRA ACIS BACKGROUND Effect of a Charged Particle Event FI CCD BI CCD

34. Energy Dependence of Non-X-ray Background Chandra ACIS-S

35. Variability and Background Flares Chandra ACIS-S TIME CXC/CAL

36. Radial Profile Simulated PSF Data Fruscione et al 2002

37. Excluded SE -Region NW-Region Profile file in FITS format: Fruscione et al 2002

38. Fitting Radial Profile in Sherpa Fruscione et al 2002

39. Image Fitting in Sherpa * Read data: binned image * Read error image or use Sherpa statistics * Display image “image data” * Filter the image using ds9 or supply 2D filter * Define 2D models * Use PSF as a model or convolution kernel * Use Exposure Maps

40. Image Data PSF Model Residuals

41. Create a Nice Picture! => Smoothed Images Convolution of an Image with a kernel function usually: Gaussian, Box or Top Hat (wavelet) => aconvolve in CIAO CSMOOTH – adaptive smoothing with circular Gaussian or TopHat kernel functions. NGC 4038/39 Credit: CXC

42. Galactic Center X-ray Image of the CHANDRA ACIS 2-8 keV Red: 2- 3.3keV Green: 3.3-4.7 keV Blue: 4.7-8 keV 8.4x8.4 arcmin Baganoff etal (2003) Exposure time 164 hrs => Smoothed Image

43. Multiscale Statistical Methods ● Multi-resolution methods => disentangle structures on different resolution scales in the observed image ● Includes wavelet transforms, adaptive smoothing, slicing of the image. ● Applications in Astronomy: filtering, image restoration, enhancements, image characterization. => Mirroring human visual and mental processes, in observing and interpreting phenomena simultaneously on multiple scales

44. Goals of Image Analysis ● What are the shape, size and boundaries of my source? ● “What degree of credibility is attached to the wispy arm structure we see emanating from the ring of supernova 1987a?” ( Murtagh 1992) ● How real is the X-ray jet seen in the Galactic Center?

45. Galactic Center Chandra/ACIS (2-8) KeV 1.23x1.23 arcmin Baganoff et al (2003) 1. Where is the supermassive black hole in Galactic Center? 2. Is the X-ray jet real? Questions:

46. Summary

47. Some typical Questions ● What is the flux of my source? ● What is the detection limit in my image? ● Modeling the surface brightness. ● Obtaining a source centroid. ● Is my source a point source? Is there an extended structure associated with this source? What is the statistical significance of this extended emission? ● What is the source shape?