1. Skeletal System 10 11 Elephant Bird (Madagascar) ** Extinct 16 th Century

2. Skeletal System Sword-Billed Hummingbird (Bolivia) Extant

3. 12 13 Skeleton Tissue: Bone Dead or Alive?

4. Bone Tissue: Osteoblasts http://www.medscape.com/content/2005http://www.medscape.com/content/2005/00/49/69/496917/art-nrc496917.fig1.gif

5. Bone Tissue: Osteoid (Collagen, Hydroxyapatite) Hydroxyapatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH) Lamella

6. Bone Tissue: Osteocytes Lacuna Osteocyte

7. Bone Tissue: Vascularization 5

8. Bone Tissue: Osteon Osteon: Functional Unit of Compact Bone

9. Bone Tissue: Osteoclasts

10. Bone Tissue Osteoblast Osteoid Collagen Hydroxyapatite Osteocytes Lacuna Lamella Haversian Canal Osteon Canaliculus Osteoclast

11. Fig. 4-4 in Podulka et al. 2004 Skeletal System Function:

13. Fig. 4-23 in Podulka et al. 2004 Function:

14. 1

15. Major Themes in Avian Skeletons 1) 2) Pneumatic BonesRigidity

16. Mallard: 2.5 kgMink: 2.5 kg Fig. 4-3 in Podulka et al. 2004 Light Skeletons

17. Pneumatic Bones Proctor and Lynch 1993 (p. 136)

18. Fig. 4-7 in Podulka et al. 2004 Pneumatization (Passerine Chick) Pneumatized Bone

19. 14 15 More PneumaticLess Pneumatic

20. Fig. 4-6 in Podulka et al. 2004 Axial versus Appendicular Skeleton

21. Axial Skeleton: Skull Fig. 4-8 in Podulka et al. 2004 (Cranium, Orbit, Ear Opening, Premaxilla, Dentary, Quadrate, Craniofacial Hinge)

22. Fig. 4-47 in Podulka et al. 2004 20 Asymmetry of Ear Opening

23. Fig. 4-10 in Podulka et al. 2004 Cranial Kinesis

24. Fig. 4-10 in Podulka et al. 2004 Cranial Kinesis Articular

25. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Craniaofacial Hinge, Premaxilla, Dentary, Articular, Quadrate, Jugal Arch, Palatine)

26. 17 18 19 20 Ichthyornis Axial Skeleton: Skull (Teeth?)

27. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Hyoid Apparatus: Tongue Bone + Hyoid Horns) Fig. 4-11 in Podulka et al. 2004

28. Axial Skeleton: Skull (Hyoid Apparatus) Fig. 4-12 in Podulka et al. 2004

29. Axial Skeleton: Skull Premaxilla Dentary Premaxillary Dentary Craniofacial Hinge Quadrate Articular Orbit Ear Opening Hyoid Apparatus Hyoid Horns Tongue Bone = Entoglossal Bone Occipital Condyle

30. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae (Vertebral Regions)

31. Axial Skeleton: Cervical Vertebrae (Occipital Condyle, Atlas, Axis, Dens of Axis) Fig. 4-14 in Podulka et al. 2004

32. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae (Cervical Vertebra) Fig. 4-14 in Podulka et al. 2004 (Spinous Process, Centrum, Rib Remnant)

33. Axial Skeleton: Cervical Vertebrae 20 24

34. Axial Skeleton: Cervical Vertebrae Fig. 4-13 in Podulka et al. 2004 (Heterocoelous Centrum Ends of Free Vertebrae)

35. Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Vertebrae Fig. 4-14b in Podulka et al. 2004 (Free Thoracic Vertebra, Notarium, Rib Facets) ( Fused Spinous Processes, Rib Facets)

36. Fig. 4-15 in Podulka et al. 2004 Axial Skeleton: Ribs (Vertebral Rib, Uncinate Process, Sternal Rib)

37. Axial Skeleton: Ribs (Fig. 4-14b in Podulka et al. 2004) (Vertebral Rib, Uncinate Process)

38. Axial Skeleton: Lower Vertebrae (Synsacrum = Lower Thoracic, All Lumbar and Sacral, Some Caudal) Fig. 4-6 in Podulka et al. 2004

39. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae (Free Caudal Vertebra, Pygostyle) Fig. 4-6 in Podulka et al. 2004

40. Axial Skeleton (Vertebrae) Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebra Atlas Axis Dens Rib Remnant Heterocoelus Centrum Ends Notarium Rib Facets Vertebral Rib Caudal Rib Uncinate Process Synsacrum Pygostyle

41. Appendicular Skeleton Wings Hind Limb Pectoral Girdle Sternum Pelvic Girdle

42. Axial Skeleton: Sternum (Sternum (Carina = Keel)) Fig. 4-15 in Podulka et al. 2004 22 “Carinate”

43. Axial Skeleton: Sternum Fig. 4-19 in Podulka et al. 2004 23 “Ratite”

44. Fig. 4-14 in Podulka et al. 2004 Appendicular Skeleton: Wing Bones (Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpometacarpus, Phalange)

45. Appendicular Skeleton: Carpometacarpus Most Carpals + All Metacarpals

46. Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle Fig. 4-16 in Podulka et al. 2004 Scapulas Clavicles (Furcula) Coracoids Glenoid Fossa Foramen Triosseum

47. Fig. 4-16 in Podulka et al. 2004 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Golden Eagle “Free Floating” Pectoral Girdle Skeletal Attachment: Base of Coracoid, Sternum

48. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) Fig. 4-20 in Podulka et al. 2004 Ischia fuse to Synsacrum to provide rigid support

49. Open Pelvis Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) Golden Eagle

50. Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Leg (Femur, Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus, Digits) (Fig. 4-21 in Podulka et al. 2004)

51. Appendicular Skeleton: Tibiotarsus Tibiotarsus = Tibia + Proximal Tarsal Bones

52. Tarsometatarsus = Proximal Tarsals + Metatarsals Appendicular Skeleton: Tibiotarsus

53. Appendicular Skeleton Sternum Carina Carinate Bird Ratite Bird Pectoral Girdle Scapulas Clavicles (= Furcula) Coracoids Glenoid Fossa Foramen Triosseum Humerus Ulna Radius Carpometacarpus Phalanges Pelvic Girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis Femur Tibiotarsus Tarsometatarsus Digits

54. 1 http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/ Shared/StaticFiles/Photography/Images/POD/b/bird-egg-587771-sw.jpg 2 http://pharyngula.org/images/duck_air_sacs.jpg 3 http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/msk/Bone9.gif 4 http://vitanetonline.com/images/products/4579.jpg 5 http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/jhranitz/Courses/APHNT/Lab_Pictures/osteonw.jpg 6 http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histology/labmanual2002/labsection1/http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histology/labmanual2002/labsection1/ CartilageandBone03_files/image004.jpg 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Osteoclast.jpg 8 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v445/n7125/images/nature05435-f2.2.jpg 9 http://d.yimg.com/origin1.lifestyles.yahoo.com/ls/he/healthwise/n5550583.jpg 10 http://www.boneclones.com/images/sc-241-lg.jpg 11 http://www.usd.edu/biol/faculty/swanson/ornith/pics/elephant.gif

55. 12 http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/skulls/structure_function/cassowary.jpg 13 http://www.missionbeachtourism.com/Graphics/Cassowary-http://www.missionbeachtourism.com/Graphics/Cassowary- CloseUp.jpg 14 http://www.greglasley.net/Images/Royal-Albatross-0021.jpg 15 http://bwfov.typepad.com/birders_world_field_of_vi/images/2007/http://bwfov.typepad.com/birders_world_field_of_vi/images/2007/ 07/18/loon_2.jpg 16 http://www.wunderground.com/data/wximagenew/o/Olbetsy/978.jpg 17 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/a-b/Beak-Merganser.jpg 18 http://www.bowdoin.edu/~dbensen/Spec/Ichthyornithiformskulls.jpg 19 http://www.capebretonbirds.ca/commonmerganser.jpg 20 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/ animals/images/primary/boreal-owl.jpg 21 http://www.worth1000.com/entries/85000/85162ejLI_w.jpg

56. 22 http://img.tfd.com/thumb/1/14/Vogelskelett.jpg 23 http://www.4staremuranch.com/images/emu2.jpg 24 http://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/ShorebirdsWaders/AMBI_4.jpg