1. Distribution of Matter in Space
Section 1.3
Pages

2. Stars
A star is a hot, glowing ball of gas (mainly hydrogen) that gives off light energy.
Very hot stars look blue, while cooler stars look red.
In the 1920's, Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell compared the surface temperature of stars with its brightness (luminosity).
Stars fall into distinct groupings.

5. Birth of Stars

6. Birth of Stars

7. Life Cycle of a Star

8. Supernova
An enormous explosion that marks the death of a massive star.
Fusion has stopped and the star runs out of fuel.
Gravity causes the star to collapse upon its self.
The outer part of the star explodes with a shock wave.

9. Black Holes
A highly dense remnant of a star in which gravity is so strong that not even light from radiation going on inside the remnant can escape.
Event horizon – point at which light cannot escape.
Invisible to telescopes.
This shows how the path of a beam of light bends in the vicinity of a non- rotating black hole.

10. Star Groups
Constellations are the groupings of stars we see as patterns in the night sky.
There are 88 constellations and many are explained in Greek Mythology.
Asterisms are also groupings of stars but are not officially recognized as constellations.

11. Galaxies
A galaxy is a grouping of millions or billions of stars, gas and dust.
Held together by gravity.
The Milky Way Galaxy is the galaxy our solar system is a part of.
It is shaped like a flattened pinwheel, with arms spiralling out from the center.

12. Milky Way Galaxy

13. Types of Galaxies
Spiral – long curved arms radiating out from a bright central core – older to younger at the arms
Elliptical – football or egg – mostly old stars
Irregular – no notable shape – smaller size – mixture of young and old stars

14. Our Solar Neighbourhood
Section 1.4
Pages

15. The Sun The Sun emits charged particles in all directions.
This solar wind bombards the Earth at 400km/s, but the magnetic field of the Earth protects us.

16. Protoplanet hypothesis
1. A cloud of gas & dust in space begin swirling
2. Most of the matter (more than 90% of it) accumulates in the center - forming the Sun
3. The remaining materials accumulate (forming planets) and circle the Sun

17. The Planets: Mercury Closest planet to the Sun
Surface similar to our moon
No atmosphere
High temperature – 400oC sunny side
- 180oC dark side

18. The Planets: Venus Similar in size, mass, and gravity to earth
High surface temperature – 450oC (melt lead)
90 x atmospheric pressure to Earth
CO2 cloud cover
Rotates opposite to other planets – east to west

19. The Planets: Earth
Only planet where water exists in solid, liquid, and gas
Only planet to support life
Atmosphere provides protection from the Sun
70% surface covered in water
Active volcanism

20. The Planets: Mars
Red planet – orangish – caused by iron oxides on surface
Two polar ice caps (One of Co2 + H2O and one of CO2)
Extremely cold surface temperature
Varied surface topography
2 moons

21. The Planets: Jupiter Largest of all planets
Twice the mass of all other planets combined
Composed of mainly hydrogen and helium
Great Red Spot – atmospheric storm
Three thin rings
28 moons

22. The Planets: Saturn 19 moons Second largest planet
1000+ rings surround equator
Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
High wind speeds over km/h due to fast rotation

23. The Planets: Uranus
Unusual axis of rotation – tilted toward the plane of its orbit –making it appear to roll its orbit
Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
Methane in atmosphere gives it its blue colour
Large ring system
17 moons

24. The Planets: Neptune
Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, and methane
Methane in atmosphere gives it its blue colour
Little light reaches this planet
Fastest wind speed – km/h
Own ring system
8 moons

25. The Planets: Pluto Cold frozen ball of methane
Disqualified as a Planet due to its obit around the sun at 17.2o – more elliptical
Rotates east to west rather than west to east
Some astronomers believe it and Charon (moon) are comets that have been captured by the gravity of the sun
Originated from the Kuiper Belt

26. Other Celestial Bodies
Asteroids – rocky , metallic bodies ranging in size of a few meters to hundreds of kilometres
Comets – dirty snowballs – dust and ice and heat up when they come close to the sun, releasing gas
Comets have predictable paths – large ellipses

27. Other Celestial Bodies
Meteoroids – small pieces of rock flying through space with not particular path
Meteor – a meteoroid that gets pulled into the atmosphere by gravity – heats up and gives off light
Meteorite – a meteor that hits the surface

28. Hyper Links
Solar System
Space Videos National Geographic

29. Describing the Position of Objects in Space
Section 1.5
Pages

30. Altitude Altitude gives you the "how above the horizon it is”
The point straight overhead has an altitude of +90 degrees
Straight underneath, an altitude of -90 degrees.
Points on the horizon have 0 degree altitudes.
An object halfway up in the sky has an altitude of 45 degrees.

31. Azimuth
Azimuth determines "which compass direction it can be found in the sky."
An azimuth of zero degrees puts the object in the North.
An azimuth of 90 degrees puts the object in the East.
An azimuth of 180 degrees puts the object in the South, and one of 270 degrees puts the object in the west.
Zenith is the position in the sky directly overhead.

33. Motion of Objects in Space
The path in the sky along which the Sun takes is called the ecliptic.
The Celestial Sphere is the name given to the very large imaginary 'sphere of sky' surrounding the Earth.

34. Assess Your Learning Page 406 Questions 2-3, 5-7, 10- 11, 13-15, 17
Read Section 2 pages