1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Growth and Urbanization Chapter 13 Population Growth and Urbanization This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Myth or Fact?  The most important factor in controlling world population growth is technology.  The U.S. achieved zero population growth when the birthrate dropped below replacement rate in the 1970s. Myth

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. World Population Growth

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Doubling Time  The time it takes for a population to double in size from any base year.  Doubling times:  Several thousand years for the world population to grow from 4 to 8 million  A few thousand years to grow from 8 to 16 million

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Doubling Time  About 1,000 years to grow from 16 to 32 million  Less than 1,000 years to grow to 64 million.  The recent doubling, from 3 billion in 1960 to 6 billion in 1999, took about 40 years.  It will probably not double in size again.

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World’s 7 Largest Countries

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Global Population Growth Is Driven by Developing Countries

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Population Trends  Future projections suggest that, although the world population continues to grow, it may never double again.  Fertility rates have dropped around the world  A child born today may live to see stabilization of the world’s population

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Population Trends and Future Projections  According to the United Nations, the world’s population is growing at an annual rate of 1.14%, resulting in the addition of 76 million people per year.  Projections of future population growth suggest that world population will grow from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050.

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Growth Rates and Fertility Rates: 2005 and 2050

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Elements of Demographic Change  Fertility  refers to the actual number of children born  Mortality  refers to the number of deaths that occur in a particular population  Migration  refers to the permanent change of residence  can be immigration or emigration

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Density  The number of people per unit of land area.  The population density of India is 869 people per square mile, compared with 80 people per square mile in the United States.

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Density  In 18 countries, the population density is more 1,000 people per square mile.  As a comparison:  Kern County: 69 people per sq mile  Los Angeles: 2183 people per sq mile  San Francisco: 15,502 people per sq mile

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Population Trends  Future projections suggest that, although the world population continues to grow, it may never double again.  Fertility rates have dropped around the world  A child born today may live to see stabilization of the world’s population

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Population Trends and Future Projections  According to the United Nations, the world’s population is growing at an annual rate of 1.14%, resulting in the addition of 76 million people per year.  Projections of future population growth suggest that world population will grow from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050.

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Growth Rates and Fertility Rates: 2005 and 2050

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Question  There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have. A.Strongly agree B.Agree somewhat C.Unsure D.Disagree somewhat E.Strongly disagree

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Momentum  Continued population growth as a result of past high fertility rates that have resulted in a large number of young women who are currently entering their childbearing years.  Despite the below-replacement fertility rates in more developed regions, population in these regions is expected to continue to grow until about 2030 and then to begin to decline.

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Trends 1.The total number of people on this planet is rising and is expected to continue to increase over the coming decades. 2.About 40% of the world’s population lives in countries in which couples have so few children that the countries’ populations are likely to decline over the coming years.

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Urbanization  Transformation of a society from a rural to an urban one.  Urban population - Persons living in cities or towns of 2,500 or more residents.  Urbanized area - One or more places and the adjacent densely populated surrounding area that together have a minimum population of 50,000.  Mega-cities - Cities with 10 million residents or more.

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Urban Skyline

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Suburbanization  As more and more people moved to the suburbs, urban areas surrounding central cities, the United States underwent suburbanization.  As city residents left the city to live in the suburbs, cities experienced deconcentration, the redistribution of the population from cities to suburbs and surrounding areas.

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Question  If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm? A.City B.Suburban area C.Small town D.Farm

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. U.S. Metropolitan Growth and Urban Sprawl  A metropolitan area is a densely populated core area together with adjacent communities.  The largest city in each metropolitan area is designated the central city.

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. U.S. Metropolitan Growth and Urban Sprawl  The growth of metropolitan areas is often referred to as urban sprawl—the ever increasing outward growth of urban areas.  Urban sprawl results in the loss of green open spaces, the displacement and endangerment of wildlife, traffic congestion and noise, and pollution liabilities.

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Los Angeles Traffic

29. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Decline in Available Cropland

30. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Structural-Functionalist Perspective  Focuses on how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of society.  The demographic transition theory of population describes how industrialization has affected population growth.

31. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Structural-Functionalist Perspective  The development of urban areas is functional for societal development.  Urbanization is also dysfunctional, because it leads to increased rates of anomie as the bonds between individuals and social groups become weak.

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Demographic Transition Theory  Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates.  Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Demographic Transition Theory  Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.  Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preindustrial Early Industrial Advanced Industrial Post Industrial Birth Death Pop Demographic Transition Theory

35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preindustrial EarlyIndustrial Advanced Industrial Post Industrial Birth Death Pop Demographic Transition Theory

36. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preindustrial Early IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial Post Industrial Birth Death Pop Demographic Transition Theory

37. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preindustrial Early Industrial Advanced IndustrialPostIndustrial Birth Death Pop Demographic Transition Theory

38. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Functionalist Perspective  Population growth and urban conditions become social problems when they become dysfunctional and lead to social disorganization.  Thomas Malthus viewed population size and food supply as two parts of a system that should be in balance if a society is to function properly.

39. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Conflict Perspective  Population and urban problems become social problems due to the inequitable distribution of resources.  Karl Marx argued that powerful groups in society benefit from restrictions in the food supply and other scarce resources.

40. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Interactionist Perspective  Interactionists focus on the fact that population and urban problems are a matter of social definition.  Population and urban problems are as much about subjective definitions of reality as they are about objective conditions.

41. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Consequences of World Population Growth  Has population growth had adverse consequences for people?  Whether or not the carrying capacity of the earth has been reached is still controversial, but some of the consequences of coming closer to carrying capacity can be seen.

42. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Consequences of World Population Growth Crowding Food Shortages Depletion of Resources Intergroup Conflict

43. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems in Cities in the U.S. Economic decline HousingSegregationCrime Educational problems

44. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Future Prospects: Population Problems  The future of population problems will depend on the ability to control fertility.  The major issues in reducing fertility are family planning, economic development, incentives and the status of women.

45. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Future Prospects: Urban Problems  Governmental programs have included urban renewal and community block grants.  Private investment has focused on developing cities as better places to live, establishing “urban free-enterprise zones,” and utilizing grassroots community development efforts.  Policies to improve conditions in cities include urban homesteading and gentrification.