1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan Contemporary Human Geography, 2e Lectures Chapter 13 Urban Patterns

2. 13.1 The Central Business District Central business district (CBD) Best-known and most visually distinctive area of most central cities AKA “downtown” Usually one of the oldest districts in the city Original site of the settlement Visually distinct Is the easiest part of the city to reach from the rest of the region Focal point of region’s transportation network © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. 13.1 The Central Business District © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. LAND USES IN CBD OF WILKES-BARRE, PENNSYLVANIA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. 13.1 The Central Business District © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. WILKES-BARRE’S CBD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 13.1 The Central Business District Business services Professionals still exchange information via face-to-face contact Need to be centrally located to facilitate rapid communication of fast-breaking news Helps to establish a relationship of trust based on shared professional values Advertising Banking Finance Journalism Law Extreme competition for limited building sites results in high land values in the CBD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 13.1 The Central Business District © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. BUSINESS SERVICES IN WILKES-BARRE’S CBD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 13.1 The Central Business District Consumer services Serve the many people who work in the center and shop during lunch or working hours Office supplies Computer sales Clothing sales Once was facilitated by large department stores Have since relocated to suburban malls In some CBDs, shopping areas have been revitalized to attract suburban shoppers and out-of-town visitors Have become centers of entertainment © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 13.1 The Central Business District © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONSUMER SERVICES IN WILKES-BARRE’S CBD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 13.1 The Central Business District Public services Cluster in the CBD to facilitate access for people living in all parts of the town City halls Courts Libraries Convention centers Placed as an effort to stimulate the downtown economy Attract large numbers of people Suburbanites Out-of-towners © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 13.1 The Central Business District © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PUBLIC SERVICES IN WILKES-BARRE’S CBD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure Concentric zone model E. W. Burgess (sociologist) City grows outward from a central area in a series of rings 5 rings CBD Zone in transition Zone of working-class housing Commuters’ zone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ZONE OF TRANSITION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ZONE OF WORKING-CLASS HOMES © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure Sector model Homer Hoyt (economist) City develops in a series of sectors As city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge from the center Best housing is found in a corridor extending from downtown to the outer edge of the city Sectors include CBD Transportation and industry Low-class residential Middle-class residential High-class residential © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SECTOR MODEL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. TRANSPORTATION SECTOR © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure Multiple nuclei model C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman (geographers) City is complex structure with more than one center around which activities revolve E.g., ports, neighborhood business centers, universities, airports, parks Some activities are attracted to particular nodes and others try to avoid them CBD Wholesale- light manufacturing Low, medium, and high-class residential Heavy manufacturing Outlying business district Residential suburb Industrial suburb © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. 13.2 Models of Urban Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. UNIVERSITY NODE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 13.3 Social Area Analysis The census Census tracts ~5,000 residents Every ten years the census provides new data on the residents living in each census tract Racial Ethnic Economic Educational Provide a spatial picture of the social characteristics of cities Social area analysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. 13.3 Social Area Analysis Combining the three models Three models individually do not explain why different types of people live in distinctive parts of the city Combined they help explain where different types of people live in a city Sector theory Income clustering Concentric zone theory Owner vs. renter-occupied clustering Multiple nuclei theory Ethnic and racial clustering © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. 13.3 Social Area Analysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DALLAS: WESTERN SECTOR © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. 13.3 Social Area Analysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SECTORS IN DALLAS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. 13.3 Social Area Analysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONCENTRIC ZONES IN DALLAS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. 13.3 Social Area Analysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MULTIPLE NUCLEI IN DALLAS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. 13.3 Social Area Analysis Limitations of the models Too simplistic Too dated Residents’ personal characteristics not factored in © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe Europe’s CBDs Attract wealthy residents Central location provides proximity to the region’s best shops, cafes, restaurants, and cultural amenities Dominated by consumer services Less dominated by business services Dominated by low-rise structures, narrow streets Most prominent structures may be churches and former royal palaces Effort to preserve historic structures and view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONSUMER SERVICES FOR RESIDENTS IN PARIS CBD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PEDESTRIAN-ONLY ZONE, PLACE GEORGES POMPIDOU, PARIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. LOUVRE MUSEUM, PARIS, A FORMER ROYAL PALACE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MONTPARNASSE TOWER, PARIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe Sector model in European cities Wealthier residents cluster in a sector extending out from the CBD E.g., in Paris a wealthy sector extends from the Louvre to Versailles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SECTORS IN PARIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe Concentric zone model in European cities Owner-occupied housing located in outer ring Outer ring also houses most of the urban area’s poor Past pattern of vertical social segregation Now urban area’s poor face long commutes to downtown for work, shopping, and other amenities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONCENTRIC ZONES IN PARIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe Multiple nuclei model in European cities Contain many persons of color and recently arrived immigrants © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. 13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MULTIPLE NUCLEI IN PARIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America Precolonial cities Prior to European colonization, most people in Asia, Africa, and Latin America resided in rural areas Precolonial cities were laid out with a central area containing: Marketplace, religious structures, government buildings, homes of wealthy families E.g., Mexico City © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PRECOLONIAL CITY: TENOCHTITLAN © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America Colonial cities Europeans gain control of preexisting settlements Cities expanded to provide services for colonizers Administration, military command, international trade, housing for colonizers Existing native towns were either left to one side or destroyed Colonial cities followed standardization plans E.g., Spanish Laws of the Indies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COLONIAL CITY: MEXICO CITY ZOCALO © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America Cities since independence Following independence, Latin American cities grew in accordance with the sector and concentric zone models Sectors Spine, or elite sector Concentric zones Zone of in situ accretion Periferico Zone of peripheral squatter settlements © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MODEL OF A LATIN AMERICAN CITY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SECTOR MODEL IN MEXICO CITY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL IN MEXICO CITY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. 13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MEXICO CITY SQUATTER SETTLEMENT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements Legal definition of a city City An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent self-governing unit Central city City surrounded by suburbs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DEFINITIONS OF ST. LOUIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements Metropolitan statistical area 1. An urbanized area of at least 50,000 inhabitants 2. The county within which the city is located 3. Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DEFINITIONS OF ST. LOUIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements Metropolitan statistical area Micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants The county in which it is found And adjacent counties tied to the city © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DEFINITIONS OF ST. LOUIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements Overlapping metropolitan areas Core-based statistical areas (CBSAs) Combination of the MSAs and the μSAs Combined statistical areas (CSAs) Two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns Primary census statistical areas (PCSAs) Combination of the CSAs and the remaining 186 MSAs and 407 μSAs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

55. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MEGALOPOLIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. 13.6 Defining Urban Settlements © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. OVERLAPPING METROPOLITAN AREAS IN EUROPE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

57. 13.7 Fragmented Government Annexation Process of legally adding land to a city In the past was preferred when cities could provide more and better services Annexation less likely to occur today Peripheral residents prefer to organize their own service using their own tax dollars © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

58. 13.7 Fragmented Government © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ANNEXATION IN CHICAGO © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

59. 13.7 Fragmented Government Metropolitan government In United States >20,000 local government workers E.g., Detroit has several hundred local government entities Federations E.g., Toronto and other Canadian cities Consolidations of city and county government E.g., Indianapolis and Miami © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

60. 13.7 Fragmented Government © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN DETROIT METROPOLITAN AREA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

61. 13.7 Fragmented Government © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. WEALTHY DETROIT SUBURB © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

62. 13.7 Fragmented Government © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. INNER-CITY DETROIT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. 13.8 Decline and Renewal Inner city challenges Inadequate job skills Culture of poverty Crime Homelessness Poverty Deteriorating housing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. 13.8 Decline and Renewal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MURDERS IN DALLAS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

65. 13.8 Decline and Renewal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. HOMELESSNESS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

66. 13.8 Decline and Renewal Gentrification Process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing Reasons Larger housing Closer to place of work (downtown) Proximity to amenities Appeals to singles and childless couples © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

67. 13.8 Decline and Renewal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. GENTRIFICATION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

68. 13.8 Decline and Renewal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. INNER CITY REDEVELOPMENT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

69. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl Sprawl Progressive spread of development over the landscape The peripheral model Chauncey Harris An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

70. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PERIPHERAL MODEL OF URBAN AREAS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

71. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl Attractions of suburbs A detached single-family dwelling rather than a row house or apartment A yard surrounding the house for children to play Space to park several cars at no cost A greater opportunity for home ownership Protection from inner-city crime and congestion Proximity to good schoolshh © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

72. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl The costs of sprawl Roads and utilities must be extended Higher fuel consumption Loss of agricultural land Other sites lie fallow while speculators await Local governments typically spend more on services for these new developments © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

73. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SPRAWL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

74. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl Segregation Modern housing segregated in two ways Exclusion by social class Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

75. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl Suburban retailing Suburban growth has altered the distribution of consumer services Retailing has increasingly concentrated in planned suburban shopping malls, auto-friendly strip malls, and big-box stores Surrounded by ample parking Edge cities Nodes of suburban consumer services © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

76. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SHOPPING MALLS NEAR COLUMBUS, OHIO © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

77. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. EDGE CITY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

78. 13.10 Urban Transportation Development of urban transportation Walking cities Street railways Aka trolleys, streetcars, trams Subways Railroad Allowed for early suburbanization of wealthy Restricted suburban development to narrow strips within walking distance of the stations © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

79. 13.10 Urban Transportation Motor vehicles Facilitated suburbanization Encouraged by US government Problems with automobiles Roads and parking lots consume space Increased road maintenance costs Create pollution Create congestion Technological innovations to rectify © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

80. 13.10 Urban Transportation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. HIGHWAYS IN SAN FRANCISO © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

81. 13.10 Urban Transportation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONGESTION CHARGING IN LONDON © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

82. 13.10 Urban Transportation Public transit Better suited to larger cities Cheaper Less polluting More energy efficient Constitute ~5 percent commuting trips in United States Recent expansion in United States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

83. 13.10 Urban Transportation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PUBLIC TRANSIT OPTIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO: BART SUBWA Y © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

84. 13.10 Urban Transportation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PUBLIC TRANSIT OPTIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO: MUNI LIGHT RAIL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

85. 13.10 Urban Transportation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PUBLIC TRANSIT OPTIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO: CABLE CARS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

86. Chapter Review Key Questions Where are people distributed within urban areas? How are urban areas expanding? What challenges do cities face? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.