1. Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles by a detonation method Pengwan Chen*, Hao Yin State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China *E-mail address: pwchen@bit.edu.cnpwchen@bit.edu.cn

2. http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Introduction Carbon-based materials play a major role in today’s science and technology. In the following years, carbon encapsulated metal nanoparticles have become an active research area around the world due to their possibility for catalysts, magnetic resonance imaging, high density magnetic data storage, magnetic inks, electrode in batteries, photo-catalytic activity. Moreover, the carbon coatings can endow these magnetic particles with the biocompatibility and stability in many organic and inorganic media.

3. http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Introduction Over the past decades, many approaches have been developed to prepare nanoparticles, mainly including modified arc discharge, CVD, ion-beam co-sputtering, RF plasma technique, high-temperature heat treatment, the laser vaporization technique, high pressure synthesis, combustion and detonation. Detonation technology is an effective, convenient and cost-efficient technology for producing diamond, carbon nanotube, graphene and carbon encapsulated metal nanoparticles according to its unique characteristics: quickness, self-heating and easy fabrication of carbon clusters.

4. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Experimental conditions RDX was used as explosive. Iron tristearate can provide both iron catalyst and carbon sources for assembling carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles. Cobalt/Iron/ Nickel powders were used as catalytic and nano-metal particles sources. Dicyandiamide(DCD) provides additional carbon source for shell assembling. The starting reactants were made of the mixture of fine uniform powders in the form a cylindrical grain. The detonation of explosive was initiated by a non-electric detonator or heating. XRD, HRTEM, Raman, magnetic properties measured.The starting reactants were prepared in the form of a 20mm in diameter cylindrical grain made of the mixture of fine uniform powders and the cold pressed under pressure of 11 MPa (110 bar).

5. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Stainless steel pressure vesselExplosion vessel Apparatus

6. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Li Xiaojie. Composites science and technology 2009.

7. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Test No.Starting mass mixture[wt%]( g/cm 3 )P(GPa) 11.24.23 21.36.87 31.4310 41.5313.1 51.6514.8

8. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Results and discussion

9. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ NO1:12:13:14:1 I D /I G 0.70.91.291.44 Raman Investigation

10. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ HRTEM JEM-2010 Initiated by non-electric detonator

11. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/

13. 3:1

14. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Test no.Ms(emu/g)Mr(emu/g)Hc (Gs)Mr/Ms 1:110.161.46200.640.144 2:119.1051.2292.8380.064 3:119.110.28110.380.015 4:125.570.5459.020.021 Mr/Ms<0.25 show superparamagnetism behavior

15. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Initiated by heating

16. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ 3:1

17. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Test No.Starting mixture mass ratio C:H:N:O:metal atomic ratio ( g/cm 3 )P(GPa)Proudct a13.6:27.2:27.2:16:11.4510.2220-80nm b14:28:28:15:11.479.71No c19:38:38:16:11.437.8210-100nm

18. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/

19. RDX+DCD+Ni RDX+DCD+Co

20. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Conclusion The carbon-encapsulated metal nano-particles with a well core–shell structure were produced by the detonation method. The results show that the diameters of nano-particles are 5- 100nm, and metal/metal carbide cores and graphitic/amorphous shells are formed in these nano-particles. The thickness of the carbon shells are 2-10nm with 4-30 layers. The spacing of the carbon shell is about 0.34nm, which is approximately equal to the spacing of graphite layers. It is found that carbon-encapsulated iron nano-particles can be formed while RDX/ precursor mass ration is from 1:1 to 3:1 and exhibits certain superparamagnetic behavior.

21. 北京理工大学冲击波物理与化学实验室 http://shock.bit.edu.cn/ Thank you for your attention ！