1. Basic Statistics
The Chi Square Test of Independence

2. Chi Square Test of Independence
A measure of association similar to the correlations we studied earlier.
Pearson and Spearman are not applicable if the data are at the nominal level of measurement.
Chi Square is used for nominal data placed in a contingency table.
A contingency table is a two-way table showing the contingency between two variables where the variables have been classified into mutually exclusive categories and the cell entries are frequencies.

3. An Example
Suppose that the state legislature is considering a bill to lower the legal drinking age to 18. A political scientist is interested in whether there is a relationship between party affiliation and attitude toward the bill. A random sample of 150 registered republicans and 200 registered democrats are asked their opinion about the proposed bill. The data are presented on the next slide.

4. Political Party and Legal Drinking Age Bill
Attitude Toward Bill
For
Undecided
Against
Total
Republican 38 17 95
150
Democrat 92 18 90
200
130 35
185
350
The bold numbers are the observed frequencies (fo)

5. Determining the Expected Frequencies (fe)
First, add the columns and the rows to get the totals as shown in the previous slide.
To obtain the expected frequency within a particular cell, perform the following operation: Multiply the row total and the column total for the cell in question and then divide that product by the Total number of all respondents.

6. Calculating the Expected Value for a Particular Cell
Attitude Toward Bill
For
Undecided
Against
Total
Republican 38 17 95
150
Democrat 92 18 90
200
130 35
185
350
55.7
1. 130*150 = 19500
/350 = 55.7

7. Political Party and Attitude toward Bill
For
Undecided
Against
Total
Republican 38
55.7 17 15 95
79.3
150
Democrat 92
74.3 18 20 90
105.7
200
130 35
185
350
Numbers in Black are obtained (fo),
Numbers in Purple are expected (fe)

8. The Null Hypothesis and the Expected Values
The Null Hypothesis under investigation in the Chi Square Test of Independence is that the two variables are independent (not related).
In this example, the Null Hypothesis is that there is NO relationship between political party and attitude toward lowering the legal drinking age.

9. Understanding the Expected Values
If the Null is true, then the percentage of those who favor lowering the drinking age would be equal for each political party.
Notice that the expected values for each opinion are proportional for the number of persons surveyed in each party.

10. Political Party and Attitude toward Bill
For
Undecided
Against
Total
Republican 38
55.7 17 15 95
79.3
150
42.8%
Democrat 92
74.3 18 20 90
105.7
200
57.2%
130 35
185
350
The numbers in Green are the percentage of the total for each Party.

11. The Expected Values
The expected values for each cell are also equal to the percentage of each party for the column total.
For example, Republicans were 42.8% of the total persons surveyed
If 130 people were in favor of the bill, then 42.8% of them should be Republican (55.7), if there is no relationship between the variables

12. Calculating the Chi Square Statistic
The Chi Square statistic is obtained via this formula
The Chi Square statistic is
(1) the sum over all cells of
(2) the difference between the obtained value and the expected value SQUARED, which is then
(3) divided by the expected frequency.
The numbers in Purple on the next slide illustrate this calculation

13. Calculating the Chi Square Statistic
=5.62
=0.27
=3.11
=4.22
=0.20
=2.33
X2 = = 15.75

14. Interpreting the Results
The calculated value for the chi square statistic is compared to the critical value found in Table H, page 544.
Note: The distribution of the Chi Square Statistic is not normal and the critical values are only on one side. If the obtained values are close to the expected value, then the chi square statistic will approach 0. As the obtained value is different from the expected, the value of chi square will increase. This is reflected in the values found in Table H.
The Degrees of Freedom for the Chi Square Test of Independence is the product of the number of rows minus 1 times the number of columns minus 1

15. Interpreting Our Results
In our study, we had two rows (Republicans and Democrats) and three columns (For, Undecided, Against).
Therefore, the degrees of freedom for our study is (2-1)(3-1) = 1(2) = 2.
Using an a of .05, the critical value from Table H would be 5.991
Since our calculated chi square is 15.75, we conclude that there IS a relationship between political party and opinion on lowering the drinking age, thereby rejecting the Null Hypothesis