3.  Gilded – cheap center covered w/ thin layer of gold (Mark Twain)  Gov’t followed Laissez – Faire policies  1877-1900

4. Rutherford Hayes  Republican  Ended Reconstruction  Reformed Spoils System

5. James A Garfield  Republican  Killed by a lawyer, Charles Guiteau

7. Chester Arthur  Republican  Created Civil Service Commission  Check qualifications

8. Grover Cleveland  Democrat  Gov’t control over RR

9. Benjamin Harrison  Republican  Sherman Anti Trust Act  Country begins a Depression

10. Grover Cleveland  Democrat  Stops Pullman Strike  Only Prez elected twice not in a row!

11. William McKinley  Republican  Increases US Tariffs  Supported the Gold Standard

12. William McKinley  Spanish – American War  Annexation of Hawaii  Killed during 2 nd term – Leon Czolgosz

14.  1890-1920  A variety of reforms were enacted at all levels  Many Progressives believed that political action and reform were required for progress in society.

15. Progressives were not a single unified movement. Their efforts fell into four categories: Social Reform Moral Reform Economic Reform Political Reform

16.  Journalists that exposed turn of the century problems such as illegal business activities, putrid food, quack medicines, squalid living conditions, dangerous working conditions, etc.  The uncovering of these awful truths led progressives to demand changes.

17.  Economic Reformers sought to curb the power and influence of wealthy interests. »Monopolies »Trusts »Gap between Rich and Poor

18.  Enacted in 1890  Effort by Congress to end trusts  Ineffective due to lack of enforcement

19. Clayton Antitrust Act  Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890  Spelled out specific activities businesses could NOT do  Aide to Union  Strikes now Legal!

20. Federal Reserve System  Central bank of the US  Divided nation into 12 regions each w/ its own Federal Reserve Bank

22. Federal Reserve System  Regulates Amount of money in circulation  Sets interest rates  Regulates how much a bank can lend

24.  History of Standard Oil  Exposed the practices of Big  Business

25. Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens.

26. 1.Women’s rights  Suffrage (voting)  Owning Property  Divorce  Clothing  Birth Control

27.  Susan B Anthony – activist who worked towards gaining suffrage for women  Created National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

28.  Florence Kelley – activist who worked towards gaining better working conditions

29.  Alice Paul – radical activist who worked towards gaining suffrage for women  Created Congressional Union (CU): wanted an Amendment giving Women right to vote

30.  1919 Congress passes the 19 th Amendment granting women the right to vote.

31. 2. Protection of the Environment  Antiquities Act of 1906  Allows President to designate National Monuments  Protect and Preserve Wildlife Areas

32. Over Crowding of the Cities Poor Living Conditions Unsanitary Conditions Social Reform Examples

35.  “How the Other Half Lives “  Exposed horrible living conditions in tenements

36. 4. Unsafe working conditions and Child Labor –Fewer Hours –Higher Wages –Safer Factories –Unions

37.  The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory operated on the top 3 floors of the 10 story Asch Building in New York City

38.  Notice that the tallest ladders owned by the fire department only reach the 6 th floor In 1911, Unsafe working conditions lead to a deadly fire

39.  Rather than burn alive in the swift moving fire, many women jump from windows

41.  This is actually a photo of the building after the fire! Note how there is very little damage on the outside of the building

43.  Eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted the factory owners, of any wrong doing.  Twenty-three individual civil suits were brought against the owners of the Asch building. On March 11, 1913, three years after the fire, the owners settled. They paid 75 dollars per life lost.  This tragedy led to a push for comprehensive safety and workers compensation laws.

44. 5. Safer Medicines  Restriction of Harmful Drugs  Proper Labeling  Government Approval of Future Drugs/Medicines

45.  Medicines at the turn of the century did not require a prescription. Making exaggerated claims, they were used for a variety of ailments. Many contained dangerous ingredients.

50. 6. Safer Food  Government Inspection of Food  Proper Labeling  Cleanliness Have you read “The Jungle”? yuck.

51.  Written by Upton Sinclair  Talks about the horrors of the meat packing industry

56. Created Food and Drug Administration, responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs.

57. All animals were required to pass an inspection by the FDA prior to slaughter All carcasses were subject to a post- mortem inspection Cleanliness standards were established for slaughterhouses and processing plants.

58. 7. Civil Rights Movement African Americans were still fighting for basic rights guaranteed them in the Constitution

59.  Voter Restrictions  Poll Tax – Pay a fee to vote  Literacy Test – prove you could read & write to vote  Grandfather Clause – exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met certain conditions before law was passed

60.  Jim Crow Laws – System of laws that segregated public services by race

61.  Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal”  Supreme Court ruled against Homer Plessy saying segregation was legal as long as separate facilities were equal

62.  Lynching – mob’s illegal seizure & execution of a person, usually by hanging

63.  Booker T. Washington – encouraged African Am. To become educated & learn a trade

64.  WEB DuBois – encouraged African Am. To attend college & become leaders; Also started NAACP

65.  NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People  Worked through courts to gain equal rights for African Am.

67. Many felt the Morals of our society were at the root of many turn of the century problems. - Moral Reformers sought to promote Moral Improvements: End Prostitution End Gambling End Drunkenness Education for Children Americanization and Restriction of Immigrants

68.  Prohibition of Alcohol  Banned production, distribution, & transportation of Alcohol

69.  Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they can competently handle an expanded role. Political Reformers demanded Political Honesty and Accountability  Patronage/Spoils System  Only Politicians can introduce bills  Only Legislatures can pass laws  Only Courts can remove corrupt officials  Political Machines  Bribery

70.  The giving of jobs or other political favors to supporters – even if they are not qualified  Even Presidents did it! …until…

71.  “Shame of the Cities”  Exposed big city political corruption 

72. BEFORE  Party leaders chose candidates for state & local offices AFTER  Direct Primaries – Voters select their party’s candidates

73. BEFORE  State legislature chose US Senators AFTER  17 th Amendment – US Senators are elected by popular vote

74. BEFORE  Only members of state legislature can introduce bills AFTER  Initiative – Voters can put bills before the legislation

75. BEFORE  Only legislatures pass laws AFTER  Referendum – voters can vote on bills directly  DE voters control raising school taxes

76. BEFORE  Only courts or legislature can remove corrupt officials AFTER  Recall – voters can remove elected officials from office

79. Theodore Roosevelt  Republican  Youngest Prez  Took office after McKinley is shot

81.  Led the fight to dissolve 40 monopolies as a “trust buster“  “Square Deal" promised a fair shake for the average citizen, including:  regulation of railroad rates and pure foods and drugs.  promotion of the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources.

84. William H Taft  Republican  Promised to continue TR’s ideas Slowed the progressive reforms. Lacked TR’s energy

85.  Initiated 80 antitrust suits  Submitted to the states amendments for a Federal income tax and the direct election of Senators.

87.  Progressive Republicans are upset w/ Taft & want TR back  TR, loses nomination so he creates his own political party  Progressive Party aka Bull Moose Party

91.  Rep – William Taft  Dem – Woodrow Wilson  Prog – Teddy Roosevelt

92. CandidatePopular VoteElectoral Vote Wilson6,296, 547435 Roosevelt4,118,57188 Taft3,486,7208 Other1,135,637None

94. Woodrow Wilson  Democrat  Continued Progressivism  Prez during WWI

95.  16 th Amendment – Congress can levy income taxes  17 th Amendment – Direct Election of Senators  18 th Amendment – Prohibition of Alcohol  19 th Amendment – Women’s Suffrage