1. CMP206 – Introduction to Data Communication & Networks Lecture 2 – Signals

2. Signals Computer networks are designed to transfer data from one point to another. During transit data is in the form of electromagnetic signals.

3. Data & Signals For data to be transmitted, it must be transformed to electromagnetic signals. Data can be Analog or Digital in nature:  Analog data refers to information that is continuous; E.G. sounds made by a human voice.  Digital data refers to information that has discrete states and takes on discrete values.

4. Data & Signals (Continued) Signals can be Analog or Digital in nature too:  Analog Signal have infinite values in a range.  Digital Signal have limited number of defined values.

5. Analog Signals An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period of time. As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and includes an infinite number of values along its path. A simple analog signal is a sine wave that cannot be further decomposed into simpler signals.

6. Analog Signals: Characteristics A sine (analog) wave is characterized by three parameters: 1.Peak Amplitude 2.Frequency 3.Phase

7. Analog Signals: Characteristics Peak Amplitude The amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its intensity at time t The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of the highest intensity The amplitude of a signal is proportional to the energy carried by the signal

8. Analog Signals: Characteristics Frequency Frequency refers to the number of cycles completed by the wave in one second Period refers to the time taken by the wave to complete one second

9. Analog Signals: Characteristics Phase Phase describes the position of the waveform with respect to time Phase indicates the forward or backward shift of the waveform from the axis It is measured in degrees or radian

10. Analog Signals: Periodic & Non-periodic Signals Signals which repeat itself after a fixed time period are called Periodic Signals Signals which do not repeat itself after a fixed time period are called Non-Periodic Signals In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and non- periodic digital signals

11. Digital Signal A Digital signal is a signal that has discrete values which are not continuous. A Signal can have more than two levels

12. Digital Signals: Bit Length/Interval Bit length or interval is the time required to send one bit and it is measured in seconds.

13. Digital Signals: Bit Rate Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted in one second and it is expressed in bits per second (bps). A relation exist between bit rate and bit interval: Bit rate = 1 / Bit interval

14. Digital Signals: Baud Rate Baud rate is the rate of Signal Speed, i.e. the rate at which the signal changes. A digital signal with two levels '0' & '1' will have the same baud rate and bit rate.

15. Transmission of Digital Signals: Baseband Transmission The signal is transmitted without making any change to it i.e. without modulation. The bandwidth of the signal to be transmitted has to be less than the bandwidth of the channel. E.G. Consider a Baseband channel with lower frequency 0Hz and higher frequency 100Hz, hence its bandwidth is 100 ( Bandwidth is calculated by getting the difference between the highest and lowest frequency ). A signal can be transmitted with frequency below 100Hz and such a channel whose bandwidth is more than the bandwidth of the signal is called Wideband channel. On the contrary, a signal with frequency say 120Hz will be blocked resulting in loss of information, such a channel whose bandwidth is less than the bandwidth of the signal is called Narrowband channel.

16. Transmission of Digital Signals: Broadband Transmission Broadband transmission uses modulation, i.e. we change the signal to analog signal before transmitting it. The digital signal is first converted to an analog signal, since we have a bandpass channel we cannot directly send this signal through the available channel. The signal is demodulated and again converted into an digital signal at the other end

17. Transmission of Digital Signals: Broadband Transmission Broadband transmission uses modulation, i.e. we change the signal to analog signal before transmitting it. The digital signal is first converted to an analog signal, since we have a bandpass channel we cannot directly send this signal through the available channel. The signal is demodulated and again converted into an digital signal at the other end

18. Questions?