1. Theory of Producing Vapour
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
Creation of the Working Fluid using A Pure Substance …..…..

2. Triple Point Water: Triple point temperature : 273.17 K
Triple point pressure : kPa
Ammonia
Triple point temperature  : K
Triple point pressure  : kPa

3. Production of Vapour : Ancient Method

4. Production of Vapour : Modern Method

5. Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel
Diesel was born in Paris, France in 1858 the second of three children of Elise and Theodor Diesel.
At age 14, Rudolf wrote a letter to his parents stating that he wanted to become an engineer.
Diesel was graduated in January 1880 with highest academic honours.
Started working as director of company working on design and construction of a modern refrigeration and ice plant from 1981.
In early 1890, Diesel moved to Berlin.
Diesel understood thermodynamics and the theoretical and practical constraints on fuel efficiency.
He first worked with steam, his research into thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency leading him to build a steam engine using ammonia vapour.

6. He spent many months in a hospital, followed by health and eyesight problems.
He then began designing an engine based on the Carnot cycle, and in 1893, Diesel published a treatise entitled
Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren.
Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion Engines Known Today.

7. Starting from Liquid State
Let's consider the results of heating liquid from 20°C
For Ammonia Pressure must be greater than 857.5kPa
For Ammonia Pressure must be greater than kPa
20C

8. State 1 Liquid Ammonia @ 1 MPa Liquid Water @ 100 kPa 20C
In the compressed liquid region, the properties of the liquid are approximately equal to the properties of the saturated liquid state at the temperature.

9. State 2 : Saturated Liquid
Process 1-2:
The temperature and specific volume will increase from the compressed liquid, or subcooled liquid, state 1, to the saturated liquid state 2.
state 2
Saturated Liquid 1 MPa &24.9C
Saturated Liquid 100 kPa & 99.62C

10. State 3 : Equilibrium Mixture of Saturated Liquid Vapour
Process 2-3:
At state 2 the liquid has reached the temperature at which it begins to boil, called the saturation temperature, and is said to exist as a saturated liquid.
Properties at the saturated liquid state are noted by the subscript f and v2 = vf.
During the phase change both the temperature and pressure remain constant.
Water boils at 99.62°C when the pressure is 100kPa .
Ammonia boils at 24.99°C when the pressure is 1000 kPa ).
At state 3 the liquid and vapor phase are in equilibrium and any point on the line between states 2 and 3 has the same temperature and pressure.

11. State 4 : Saturated Vapour
Process 3-4:
At state 4 a saturated vapor exists and vaporization is complete.
The subscript g will always denote a saturated vapor state.
Note : v4 = vg.

12. Saturated Water Vs Saturated Steam
Temperature
Pressure
Specific Volume, m3/kg 0C
MPa
Saturated Liquid
Saturated Vapour
100
0.1013
1.673
120
0.1985
0.8919
150
0.4759
0.3928
200
1.554
0.1274
250
3.973
300
8.581

13. Saturated Liquid Ammonia Vs Saturated Vapour Ammnia
Temperature
Pressure
Specific Volume, m3/kg 0C
MPa
Saturated Liquid
Saturated Vapour
100
6.254
120
9.107
132.3
11.33

14. State 5 : Superheated Vapour
Process 4-5:
If the constant pressure heating is continued, the temperature will begin to increase above the saturation temperature.
State 5 is called a superheated state because T5 is greater than the saturation temperature for the pressure.
Superheated 1 MPa &300C
Superheated 100 kPa & 300C

15. Constant Pressure Process

16. The Theory of Producing Steam
Water and steam can be easily used as heat carriers in heating systems.
Water boils and evaporates at 100°C under atmospheric pressure.
By higher pressure, water evaporates at higher temperature - e.g. a pressure of 10 bar equals an evaporation temperature of ~179.90C.
At a constant pressure of 10 MPa the saturation temperature is C.

17. Wet Vapour
Wet vapour is a mixture of vapour and liquid water at same temperature and pressure.
Saturation pressure is the pressure at which the liquid and vapor phases are in equilibrium at a given temperature.
Saturation temperature is the temperature at which the liquid and vapor phases are in equilibrium at a given pressure.
Saturation Pressure is function of temperature or vice versa.
T = F(p)
The Wagner-Ambrose equation

18. Equations for Saturation Conditions of Water
Saturation Properties of Water :

19. Many Constant Pressure Processes
If all of the saturated liquid states are connected, the saturated liquid line is established.
If all of the saturated vapor states are connected, the saturated vapor line is established.
These two lines intersect at the critical point and form what is often called the “steam dome.”
The critical point of water is oC, MPa
The critical point of ammonia is 132.3oC, MPa

20. Density of Saturated Liquid

21. Density of Saturated Vapour

22. The Vapour Dome
The region between the saturated liquid line and the saturated vapor line is called by these terms:
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture region,
Wet region,
Two-phase region, and just
The saturation region.
The trend of the temperature following a constant pressure line is to increase with increasing volume.
The trend of the pressure following a constant temperature line is to decrease with increasing volume.

23. Peculiar Nature of Wet Vapour
Pressure and temperature are not independent properties.
Either p & V or T& V are independent pair.
P & v or T & v can also be considered.
A new property is to be defined for steam for ease of design.
This is called Quality or dryness fraction of wet steam.

24. Quality and Saturated Liquid-Vapor (Wet) Mixture
Now, let’s review the constant pressure heat addition process for water shown in Figure.
The state 3 is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
How do we locate it on the T-v diagram?
To establish the location of state 3 a new parameter called the quality x is defined as

25. The quality is zero for the saturated liquid and one for the saturated vapor (0x  1).
The average specific volume at any state 3 is given in terms of the quality as follows.
Consider a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
The liquid has a mass mf and occupies a volume Vf.
The vapor has a mass mg and occupies a volume Vg.

26. Volume of Wet Mixture