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Enhancing China’s Sustainable Growth and Prosperity: a Pathway to Cleaner Coal Hengwei LIU, PhD Energy, Climate, and Innovation (ECI) Program The Fletcher School, Tufts University Presentation to the China Environment Forum @ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 12 January 2011
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Agenda Explore major CCS opportunities Identify key technologies enabling CCS development Propose a US-China partnership on CCS HengweiLiu, Kelly Sims Gallagher. Catalyzing strategic transformation to a low-carbon economy: A CCS roadmap for China. Energy Policy38(2010)59–74.
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CO 2 emissions by sector in China 2005 2030 Data source: WEO2007 Power generation and industry account for more than 70% of China’s total energy-related CO2 emissions Power Industry Iron & steel (Cement) (Ammonia & Methanol)
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Prime candidates for CCS in China Ammonia & Methanol Iron and steel Cement Power Today: more than 80% coal electricity Data source: NBS
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CCS and its enabling technologies: a twin-pronged approach to promote the CCS deployment Manufacturing process & energy conversion process CCS + CCS enabling technologies
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Summary of CCS enabling technologies Leading technology IGCC/Co-production
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Coal power generation: IGCC &SC/USC IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle SC / USC: Supercritical / Ultra-supercritical Gasification & advanced combustion: roads to higher efficiency
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Co-production: an important approach to promote IGCC development in China ASU Air O2O2 N2N2 Combined Cycle Chemical plant Gasifier Coal Syngas (CO+H 2 ) Electricity methanol CO 2 Separator H2H2 Power generation OtherFuel cell Seque- stration EOR/ECBM Ocean storage Others Shift reactor Steam CO 2 +H 2 IGCC
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(2) CCS enabling technologies: Iron & Steel Leading technology IGCC/Co-production
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Iron making: development trend Blast furnace iron-making Non-blast furnace iron-making Dominant technology Severe pollution Direct reductionSmelting reduction
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Breakthrough CCS enabling technologies are needed to achieve large-scale CO2 reduction Steel making Capture from the main emitter (blast furnace) brings only about 30% reduction in CO2 emissions Bao Steel Data source: ZHANG Shourong
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Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast Furnace The off gas with medium heating value from OBF is used as an IGCC/co-production fuel gas Picture from internet
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Polygeneration Based on Direct Reduction By coupling IGCC/co-production with a DR process, it shares one gasifier to produce syngas Picture from internet
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Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction The off gas from SR is used as an IGCC/co-production fuel gas Picture from internet
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(3) CCS enabling technologies: Ammonia & Methanol Leading technology IGCC/Co-production
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Ammonia & Methanol coal Gasification Ammonia Methanol Syngas Ammonia industry is the largest consumer of gasification technology in China. Coal-based synthetic ammonia accounts for about 75% of total output –Consume 50 Mt coal per year coal-based methanol accounted for about 80% of total output. –consume about 12 Mt coal
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Pathway to a low-carbon future
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Cleaner coal & water Water consumption (Kg/MWh) Subcritical: 300MW; USC: 1000MW; IGCC: Gasifier: Shell Estimated by Hengwei Liu
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How to use coal in a carbon-constrained future? Energy & water efficient approaches to a cleaner coal: advanced combustion & gasification
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Who owns our low-carbon future? Source: Bernice Lee, Ilian Iliev and Felix Preston. Chatham House Report 2009 Geographical location of the parent companies of patent owners International cooperation is critical for CCS diffusion
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Accelerating technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS through a U.S.-China partnership US has a more advanced S&T innovative system and has a well established regime for bringing technologies to market. China has vibrant market, and the ability to commercialize new technologies more quickly and cheaply. Data source: IEA&NBS
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Conclusions A twin-pronged strategy for CCS and its enabling technologies should be developed. Coal gasification & advanced combustion are energy & water efficient ways to a cleaner coal, and they should be given top priority to enable CCS development in China. A U.S.-China partnership has the potential to accelerate technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS.
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Thank you! Hengwei Liu ( 刘恒伟 ) http://hengweiliu.weebly.com/ Email : hengwei_liu@hks.harvard.edu liu.ccs@gmail.com
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