1. Air Emissions from Two Swine Finishing Buildings with Flushing: Ammonia Characteristics www.AgAirQuality.com Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Al Heber, Pattie Tao, Teng Lim, Jiqin Ni, Purdue University; Amy Schmidt, University of Missouri

2. Swine Production Site in Northern Missouri Average Size of Farms

3. Heber, A.J., T.-T. Lim, P.C. Tao, J.-Q. Ni, A.M. Schmidt. 2004. Control of air emissions from swine finishing buildings flushed with recycled lagoon effluent. ASAE Paper #044156.  EPA Multi-State Consortium Animal Waste and Premium Standard Farms  Measured PM10, TSP, CH 4, NMHC, NH 3, H 2 S, CO 2, odor for 11 months at two barns.  Soybean Oil Sprinkling  Misting of Essential Oils  Misting of Essential Oils and Water Collaborative study by Purdue University and University of Missouri

4. Barn Inventory (Total Live Mass, AU) Trial 1: SOS Trial 2: SOS+ Doubled nozzles Trial 3: MEO Trial 4: MEOW Mean pig mass ~ 64 kg Mean barn inventory ~ 1,100 70% reduction

5. Treatment Effects on PM 10 TestnControlTreatedReduction Soybean oil sprinkling14313±33106±2767% Soybean oil sprinkling +8226±5975.4±3570% Misting of essential oils4326±101346±178N/S Misting of essential oils & water 20196±35230±27N/S All emission values in kg/day

6. Each site had 8 tunnel-ventilated finishing houses with flushing Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emission from Two Swine Finishing Barns with Long Term Continuous Measurement Barn 7 (control) Barn 8 (treated) 1 2 3 4 5 6 J.Q. Ni, A.J. Heber, T.T. Lim, P.C. Tao, A. Longman Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN A.M. Schmidt University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Livestock Environmental Initiative Symposium, Mississauga, Ontario, CAN, Feb. 7-8.

7. Barn Layout and Sampling Locations Lab Met tower Relative humidity/temperature Air sampling Static pressure port Temperature sensor Barn 7Barn 8 N 3 1 5 Fan stage # Summer air inlets 4 2 Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m) Instrument shelter Small Propeller Anemometer (SPA) Adapted from Heber et al., 2002 Shallow pit with recycle flush Attic PensDiffusers Background air sampling Exhaust air 80% full of pigs 1-5

8. Real Time Display (Front View) Source: Ni, et al., 2005

9. Barn and Outdoor Temperatures

10. Barn Relative Humidity (Daily Means)

11. Small Propeller Anemometer Dr. Teng Lim Fan tester Fan Airflow Measurement Anemometer

12. Real Time Display (Floor Plan) Source: Ni, et al., 2005

13. Multi-Point Gas Sampling Filter Air sample To Lab Cal gas

14. Sampling controlData acquisition S12 P1 P2 M3 P3 F Analyzers Cal gases S1 M: manifold P: pump S: solenoid Sampling probes, 10-115 m long C 6 H 14 /CH 4 CO 2 Zero air NH 3 H2SH2S NO 6-port diluter (5 L/min) p M2 M1 Flow restrictors Bypass pumping circuit Mass flow meter NH 3 H2SH2S CO 2 CH 4 /VOC 7.9/4.8 mm vinyl 22.2/15.9 mm vinyl 9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon 9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon 6.4 mm OD 3.2 mm ID vinyl Exhaust F f SO 2 6-port manifold Pressure sensor M4 Exhaust AB C F: filter F Cal gas circuit Bag fill port Jar P4 Rotameter Leak test circuit 1 1 P Pressure gage Air valve S13 S14 Barn 7 calibration Barn 8 calibration

15. Real Time & History Display (Flush) Source: Ni, et al., 2005

16. Flushing Peaks (no NH 3 response)

17. Barn Static Pressure and Airflow

18. Half of total capacity 19.2 m 3 /s 79.1% 54.6% 25% of total capacity 9.6 m 3 /s Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Hourly Mean Ventilation Rates 6661 hours 318,045,000 m 3 38.3 m 3 /s 8.6 m 3 /s 22.5%

19. Daily Mean Ammonia Concentration

20. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Hourly Mean Ammonia Concentration <23.6 ppm 75% of time <17.2 ppm 50% of time <9.6 ppm 25% time

21. Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (kg/d)

22. Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (g/d-pig)

23. Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (g/d-AU)

24. Correlation Table VariableAmmonia ConcentrationEmission rate Indoor temperature-0.71 * 0.30 * Outdoor temperature-0.82 * 0.23 * Pig activity0.57 * -0.27 * Ventilation rate-0.78 * 0.26 * Total live mass-0.24 * 0.45 * *p<0.05

25. Pig Activity Signals (3 sensors/barn)

26. Daily Mean Activity-Induced Voltage COLDHOT

27. Winter Activity Pattern (1 peak per day) Summer Activity Pattern (2 peaks per day)

28. Effect of Pig Activity on TSP

29. Hourly NH 3 Emissions and Pig Activity Diurnal Patterns Activity Emissions G3, 2 peaks 12 o C 2.1 o C 21.5 o C G2, 1 peak G1, 2 peaks

30. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Diurnal Emission of Ammonia

31. NH 3 Emissions from Finishing Pigs (g/day-pig)  Dutch Standard6.8  Oesthook (1993)3-5  Kay & Lee (1997)3.3-7.7  Hendrik & Vrielink (1997)4.0  den Brok & Verdoes (1997)4-5  Hendriks et al (1997)4.8-10.8  Heber et al (1997), winter5.8 *  Koziel et al. (2005)6.0  This study in Missouri7.3  Hoff et al. (2005)7.4  Thelosen, et al (1994)7.9  Groot Koerkamp @ Uenk (1997)9.2  Ni et al (1998), summer16.6 *Airflow estimated by heat balance

32. Conclusions  The overall mean NH 3 concentration was 17 ppm in the control barn (n=184 d).  The overall mean NH 3 emission from the control barn was 62 g/d-AU (n=175 d).  Pig activity and NH 3 emission rate displayed similar diurnal patterns that were influenced by season.  Diurnal patterns of activity and ammonia emissions depended on daily mean temperatures.  55% of the annual barn airflow was delivered by 25% of the barn ventilation capacity.  The barn ammonia emissions were close to the Dutch standard of 6.8 g/day-pig.

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