1. Reaping what we Sow The ever-increasing need for energy storage Andy West Senior Chemist

2. Introduction Energy Challenges Hydrogen The Ammonia Economy Chemical Storage Thermal Storage Other Techniques Outlook

3. Introduction ‘Novel’ energy generation research is well supported

4. Energy Challenges Generation is easy, storage is not... At small scale... At large scale... Llyn Stwlan

5. Hydrogen ‘Darling’ of energy storage, but… 1Kg of H 2 = 3.5Kg of petrol, petrol = 4l, H 2 = 11m 3 ! Even at 300 atm, fuel tank would be x10 size H 2 attacks storage tanks Liquefied H 2 is -253°C, Antarctica is -89°C 40% of energy is used to liquefy Storage maintenance uses more energy

6. The Ammonia Economy Ammonia can be a hydrogen carrier, ICE and FC fuel Storage under moderate pressure is easy (8 atm) Fuel tanks would be 3x volume, 2x weight vs petrol Ammonia production undertaken for >100 years Unlike methane/methanol/ethanol, no C emissions

7. The Ammonia Refinery Water hydrolysis N 2 purification Energy NH 3 Synth Hydrogen Nitrogen Heat

8. Chemical Storage Flow cells

9. Chemical Storage Vanadium, V/bromide and polysulphide/ bromide Size is theoretically limitless No ‘charge memory’, storage decay Charged by electricity / replacement of electrolyte Used for power smoothing, wind / solar storage

10. Sodium-ion Battery Lithium is expensive and becoming rarer Sodium-ion batteries are significantly cheaper Higher theoretical energy storage than lead/acid Suitable for large and small energy storage apps Cutting edge – no. of cycles is major hurdle

11. Thermal Storage Solar thermal technology advancing 1GW in 2012, 14GW by 2016 Only works in the day! Energy storage as heat is highly efficient (night ops) Need thermally stable heat transfer fluids

12. Thermal Storage Current salts are stable up to 500°C Heat can be stored for a week Torresol (ES, 2011) 1st CSPS 24h continuous power gen 20MW plant, larger planned

13. Other Techniques Supercapacitors / ultracapacitors Superconducting magnetic energy storage Flywheel energy storage Ice storage Solar ponds Biofuels

14. Outlook E storage research more important than E generation Lots of technologies with potential Key factors are efficiency and E storage density Large scale and small scale solutions will differ

15. Impact For Your Business Improved ROI on renewables No change at all! Vanadium Oxide