1. Kenneth Bruerton PhD 11 August 2011

3.  Breaks down ◦ Protein  Digested to amino acids by rumen micro-organisms and resynthesized into microbial protein.  This is digested in the small intestine to amino acids which are absorbed and used for growth (enzymes, immune proteins, muscle protein).  Some amino acids can be used to make glucose for energy production in specialized tissues such as brain and formation of rapid energy stores (liver and muscle glycogen). ◦ Fibre (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin).  Only digested in the rumen by certain micro-organisms. What is undigested is excreted in the faeces.  Producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as propionate and butyrate which are absorbed in the small intestine and used for energy production and fat synthesis. ◦ Starch, sugars  Digested rapidly in the rumen to form lactate or acetate. Excess fermentation of starch can cause acidosis, particularly in lotfed cattle receiving grain.

4.  Urea  Supplies Nitrogen (N).  Contrary to common belief Urea is not protein. Urea is a simple N compound. Urea is ~45% N = 281% crude protein equivalent.  Rumen microorganisms can convert N to ammonia which is converted to amino acids and microbial protein.  Urea can supply up to 1/3 of the total protein requirement of cattle. However at these levels sufficient fermentable energy must be supplied to allow utilization of available N

5. Urea Microbial Urease NH3 + CO2 Carbohydrates Microbial Enzymes FA + Keto Acids Keto Acids + NH3 Microbial Enzymes Amino Acids Amino Acids Microbial Enzymes Microbial Protein Microbial Protein Small Intestine Enzyme Free Amino Acids Free Amino Acids Absorbed Toxic dose generally regarded as 0.5grams/kg LWT in a single feeding episode.

6.  Sulphate of Ammonia (NH4)2SO4  Supply N as with urea. Contains approx ½ the level of N as urea  Important source of Sulphur (S)  Sulphur required as a precursor to the production amino acids  N:S ratio should be in the range of 12-15:1  SO 4 often used to control intake (more bitter than urea )  More expensive source of N than urea

7.  Elemental Sulphur  Source of S.  Less available source of S than SO 4.  Protein Meal  Source of Rumen Escape Protein  Source of Energy to aid utilization of Urea.  Used to manipulate intake.  Commonly used meals include  Cotton Seed Meal 43%  Copra Meal 20%  Canola Meal 35%  Soybean meal 48%  PKE 15%  Very important to calculate the input cost of the protein.