1. New Refrigerants Question Time Introductory Comments Ray Gluckman Director, Climate Change SKM Enviros April 26 th 2012, RAC, London

2. achieve outstanding client success SKM Enviros Environmental Consultancy –500 staff in UK Part of SKM, Australian Engineering Consultancy –7,000 staff worldwide Ray Gluckman – Director of Climate Change Group –100 staff involved in climate change work –wide range of activities related to reducing GHG emissions –RAC and F Gases are areas of special expertise

3. achieve outstanding client success What next for refrigerant regulations? High GWP refrigerants unlikely to be available long term EC: F-Gas Regulation under review (? 2013/4) Some of the options being considered: –HFC bans in specified product areas (new equipment) –HFC phase down schedule International scene –discussions about HFC phase down via Montreal Protocol - ? impact by 2015/6

4. achieve outstanding client success Bans versus Phase Down Bans –provide certainty –successful driver of innovation (MAC Directive) –but require GWP threshold and start date – inflexible Phase Down –allows market much flexibility –affects new and existing equipment –but, “investment pointers” are less clear Phase down seems to be current favourite

5. achieve outstanding client success HFC Emission Reduction Strategies 1.Very low GWP fluids (e.g. GWPs much less than 150) –best solution, but many constraints 2.Low GWP fluids (e.g. GWPs between 150 and 1,000) 3.Medium GWP fluids to replace high GWP refrigerants –e.g. fluid with a GWP of under 2,000 to replace the widely used HFC 404A which has a GWP of 3,922) –part of “dual strategy” – enables early cuts in 404A 4.Low charge and low leakage technologies and improved maintenance to reduce the leakage

6. Refrigerant GWPKey constraints to usage Example markets (current) Very Low GWP Ammonia 0 Highly toxic; slightly flammable; incompatible with copper components Large industrial refrigeration, large air-conditioning chillers CO 2 1 High operating pressure; low efficiency in high ambient temperatures; lack of available components; Large commercial and industrial refrigeration HCs ~5Highly flammable Domestic refrigerators, small commercial hermetic systems HFO 1234yf 5 Slightly flammable; not commercially available until 2015; lack of available components; not technically well proven; large compressor size MACs HFO 1234ze 5Lack of available components; not technically well proven; large compressor size Water chillers

7. Refrigerant GWP Key constraints to usage Example markets (current) Low GWP “Blend 300” 200 to 400 Slightly flammable. Not commercially developed yet Not in current use “Blend 700” 600 to 800 Not commercially developed yet Not in current use HFC 32 675Slightly flammable Being introduced for small air-conditioning systems Medium GWP HFC 134a 1,422Medium GWPHFC 404A alternative (MT) HFC 407F 1,825Medium GWPHFC 404A alternative HFC 410A 2,088Medium GWPSmall air-conditioning HFC 407A 2,107Medium GWPHFC 404A alternative (MT)

8. achieve outstanding client success Use of Flammable Refrigerants (1) Lots of important development work needed Currently 3 categories in safety codes 1.non-flammablee.g. HFC 134a, CO 2 2.slightly flammablee.g. ammonia, HFC 32 3.highly flammablee.g. HC 290 (propane) New category being introduced: –2L – lower flammability than 2, but slightly flammable

9. achieve outstanding client success Use of Flammable Refrigerants (2) Some interesting issues: Is a single new safety code category sufficient? –e.g. should HFC 32 and HFO 1234yf be in same category –will “Blend 300” be less flammable than HFO 1234yf? What impact does actual flammability have on choice of refrigerants in different applications –e.g. how much refrigerant in 1234yf DX system Will new safety category restrict use further

10. achieve outstanding client success Contact Details Ray Gluckman SKM Enviros New City Court, 20 St Thomas Street, London, SE1 9RS email: rgluckman@globalskm.com Tel: 01932 866344