1. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

2. Image: Grimnes, Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. ”A sensor is a mediator able to convert one or more measurands or physical variables into an equivalent signal variable of another type of quantity within a frame of a given unity” Pallàs-Areny, Webster, Sensors 2001 What is a sensor?

3. Image: Grimnes-Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. - Sensor system: ”comprises the total signal path from the measurand to the observer and includes all sensing, conditioning and real-time processing elements in the path” - Electrode: ” An electrode is an electrochemical cell converting charge carriers from ions to electrons or vice versa. An electrode is only a half- sensor in the way that two electrodes are necessary in order to apply a current or read a potential difference in living tissue” - Probe: A ”probe is a broader concept than a sensor. A probe is often comprising multiparameter sensors (e.g. temperature) and may be held by the operator and be equipped with switches and level adjustment facilities. Example: Ultrasound probe” Source: Grimnes-Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. More definitions....

4. Pressure transducer and Wheatstone bridge Image: Grimnes-Høgetveit. Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts.

5. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Piezoelectric transducer C=εA/x

6. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Photomultipliers

8. Membrane potential Nernst equation for potassium K (Nor - Kalium): across a cell membrane with active channels pumping K ions into the cell.

9. Dipoles in the axon

10. Neural velocity

11. The heart

12. Atrioventricular- block

13. Ectopic beat

14. Tachycardia flutter= increased regular frequency

15. flimmer (norsk) = fibrillation (eng) = = uregelmessig rytme

16. Ischemia

18. Metal / electrolyte = electron / ion transitions

19. Ag / AgCl Non-polarizable electrode

20. Electrode polarization + skin + deeper layer

21. Stimulation electrodes

22. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

23. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Einthoven triangle

24. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Wilson central terminal

25. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Augmented leads

26. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet ”Driven right leg”

27. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Biopotentail amplifiers

28. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

29. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

30. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet The circulatory system

31. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Typical blood pressures

32. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Invasive blood pressure measurement

33. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Harmonic analysis, Fourier

34. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Heart sounds

35. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Stethoscopes, spektrogram

36. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Non-invasive blood pressure

37. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Ultrasound measurement

38. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Bloodpressure, oscillometric

39. FYS4250Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Non-contact tonometry

41. Indicator-dilution method

42. Elektromagnetic flowmeter

43. Electromagnetic flowmeter waveforms

44. Quadrature-suppression flowm.

45. Plethysmography

46. Plethysmography curve

48. Figure 1 Airways with larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoles

49. Figure 2 Lung volume parameters Equation 1 ComplianceC = ΔV / ΔP [L/Pa, L/cmH2O]

50. Equation 2 Poiseuille [Pa/m 3 /s = pressure / flow rate]

51. Figure 6 Laplace cylinder model P=T/r

52. Figure 10 Rebreathing circle with one-directional valves 1 and 2

53. Figure 13 IR absorption spectra for some anaesthetic agent vapours. Datex Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corporation

54. Figure 14 Multigas spectrophotometric gas analyzer with rotating filter wheel

56. pH-measurement

57. pCO 2 (Severinghaus) electrode

58. pO 2 (Clark) electrode

59. Fluorescent dye sensor

60. pH-sensitive dyes

61. Pulsoxymetry light absorption