1. The Effects of Anesthesia, Breathing Rate, Temperature, and Electrode Position on Gastrocnemius Muscle Response Daniel Geoffrion and Andrew McCullough 2006

2. Background Duchene’s Muscular Dystrophy; genetic muscle disease Calcium ions unable to enter the muscle, causes muscle to turn to fat No cure for DMD Stem cells possible cure (Frommer)

3. Problems With Current Protocols Current testing needs be more objective Physician testing too subjective Hong et al. protocol is more objective: –Stabilizing device –Electrical stimulation with spontaneous reflex –Computer data acquisition software Hong protocol did not control all variables

4. The Frommer Apparatus

5. Goals Test the effects of anesthesia, breathing rate, ambient temperature, and electrode position Collect test data on muscular dystrophic mice

6. Hypotheses Anesthesia would affect variance of muscle response Breathing rate would affect variance of muscle response Ambient temperature would affect variance of muscle response Electrode position would affect variance of muscle response Muscular Dystrophic Mice would be significantly weaker than normal test mice

8. Results

13. Conclusion Anesthesia exposure had no effect on variability of data (p = 0.786) Breathing rate had no effect (p = 0.460) Ambient temperature affected variability (p = 2.53 x 10 -5 ) Electrode position had no effect (p = 0.690) Muscular dystrophic mice are weaker (p = 2.55 x 10 -3 )

14. Future Experiments Testing possible temperature relationships Future work will include continued stimulation testing on muscular dystrophic mice Protocol currently being used in stem cell testing Protocol may be used for human testing

15. Acknowledgments Sarah Frommer Dr. Paul A. Iaizzo Charles Soule Ms. Lois Fruen Team Research

16. The Effects of Anesthesia, Breathing Rate, Temperature, and Electrode Position on Gastrocnemius Muscle Response Daniel Geoffrion and Andrew McCullough 2006