1. Opportunities for dramatic improvement Local non uniformities along the electrode Dynamics of the breakdown process Deleterious phenomena that might be mitigated Charge build up Viscous Drag Comments on Modeling Challenges and Opportunities for DBD Richard Miles Princeton University Developing a detailed model of the DBD process is important to aid in establishing opportunities for significant improvement of performance and determining limitations

2. LOCAL NON UNIFORMITIES ALONG THE ELECTRODE

3. Plasma actuator based on asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge Pioneer work by J.R. Roth Very successful applications to low-speed flow control: T. Corke et al.

4. Pitot tube measurements of force for positive and negative half cycles (Leonov et al 2011) Enloe et al (2008) found that 97% of the force came from the negative cycle by using a dielectric barrier discharge to drive a pendulum

5. Electrode shaping (Leonov et al 2011) sharp tip At random location At the tip location

6. Pitot tube measurements of force for positive and negative half cycles along “smooth” and “tipped” edges of electrode (Leonov et al 2011)

7. Pitot tube measurements of force for positive and negative half cycles along edge of “smooth” and tipped electrode (Leonov et al 2011)

8. Improve performance by Shaped Electrodes

9. DYNAMICS OF THE BREAKDOWN PROCESS: Backward Breakdown

10. Dynamics of Positive streamer formation and force generation (Likhanskii 2010) Forward breakdown

11. Dynamics of Positive streamer formation and force generation (Likhanskii 2010) Backward breakdown

12. Dynamics of Positive streamer formation and force generation (Likhanskii 2010) Passive phase - Bias pushing

13. Time Evolution of the Force

14. Momentum Transfer with Bias Applied

15. Improve performance by an embedded semiconducting layer to suppress backward breakdown

16. Charge Buildup

17. Surface charge build up with sinusoidal self sustained DBD 15 sec run of a DBD actuator operating with a 3 KHz sinusoidal, 10 kV peak-to-peak driving potential

18. Surface Charge Build up with 2kV DC bias and 4kV pulses at 20 kHz

19. Improve performance by Suppression of charge build up using thin partially conducting electrode

20. Viscous Loss

21. Viscous loss along boundary layer Self similar scaling, one profile measurement predicts the rest

22. Viscous velocity and momentum loss along boundary layer

23. Improve performance by designing new wing configurations that incorporate DBD devices Ultra low drag wing with backward facing steps. DBD devices are placed at the edges to avoid viscous losses and operated to maintain performance during climb and maneuvering