1. Chapter 9
Carbon &
Its Compounds

2. Carbon more that 90% of all compounds contain the element carbon
carbon compounds are known as organic compounds
organic means coming from life, but not all organic compounds come from living things, many are synthesized in the laboratory

3. Bonding of Carbon carbon atoms bond covalently with other carbon atoms
bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds
these bonds can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings

4. Carbon Bonds

5. Carbon Bonds

6. Properties of Organic Compounds
usually exist as gases or liquids
strong odors
low boiling points
do not conduct electricity
do not dissolve in water

7. Structural Formulas
shows the kind, number, & arrangement of atoms in a molecule
the dash is used to represent the pair of shared electrons in the covalent bond
no dangling dashes allowed – covalent bonds form to produce stable compounds

8. Isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula (C4H10) but different structures (like butane)

9. Hydrocarbons an organic compound that contains only hydrogen & carbon
classified as either saturated (all bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds) or unsaturated (one or more bonds between carbon atoms is a double or triple covalent bond)

10. Alkanes saturated hydrocarbons
all single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
general formula = CnH2n+2
Look at Alkane Series Chart on page 238
Least reactive

11. Alkenes unsaturated hydrocarbons
at least one pair of carbon atoms has a double covalent bond
general formula = CnH2n
Look at Alkene Series Chart on page 239
More reactive (double bonds break easier)

12. Alkynes unsaturated hydrocarbons
at least one pair of carbon atoms has a triple covalent bond
general formula = CnH2n-2
Look at Alkene Series Chart on page 239
Most reactive (triple bonds break very easily)

13. Naming Hydrocarbons alkane series (suffix = - ane)
alkene series (suffix = - ene)
alkyne series (suffix = - yne)
first part of each hydrocarbon is a prefix that indicated the # of carbon atoms present in the compound

14. Prefixes for Carbon Atoms
meth-
eth-
pro–
but-
pent-
hex-
hept-
oct–
non-
dec-

15. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
structures in the shape of rings
have strong & often pleasant odors (aromas)
Ex. benzene

16. Other Organic Compounds
carbon atoms can form bonds with other elements
these compounds are called substituted hydrocarbons
they’re formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon chain or ring is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

17. Alcohols
one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an –OH group
Example: methane (CH4) to methanol (CH3OH)
to name an alcohol, add the suffix –ol to the end of the corresponding hydrocarbon

18. Organic Acids
acid created by the substitution of a carboxyl (–COOH) group
one of the carbon-oxygen bonds is a double bond
to name, add the suffix –oic
most have a more common name, like acetic acid (ethanoic) & citric acid (propanoic)

19. Esters
created by chemically combining an alcohol & an organic compound
have pleasant odors & flavors

20. Halogen Derivatives
substituting one or more of the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon with an element from the halogen family (F, Cl, Br, or I)
resulting compounds are used as refrigerants, in dry cleaning, & Freon, a coolant found in refrigerators & air conditioners