1. Liquid Nitrogen By: Bryan Barker

2. Charles’ Law As the temperature of a gas decreases, so does its volume. V 1 /T 1 =V 2 /T 2, where V is in liters, and T is in Kelvin. However, this law only applies under ideal conditions, and the gases inside the balloon will not be at these conditions at such low temperatures because the carbon dioxide will solidify at 194.7 K, the oxygen will liquefy at 90.2 K, and the nitrogen will liquefy at 77 K.

3. Charles’ Law When the balloon is removed from the liquid nitrogen, the carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen will become gaseous again, making the conditions ideal and expanding the balloon.

4. Shattering of a Rose At 77 K, the water inside the rose will freeze and expand, breaking the cells of the rose and making it brittle. Water freezes at 273 K, so this is no problem for liquid nitrogen.

5. Leidenfrost Effect The liquid nitrogen is at 77 K. My hand is at 310 K. The temperature difference is 233 K, much greater than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. This effect will not last forever, so I can only do this for a short period of time.