1. هوا کره

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Component Percent composition Nitrogen, N 2 78% Oxygen, O 2 21% Argon, Ar 0.9% Water, H 2 O 0 – 4% (variable) Carbon dioxide, CO 2 0.034% (variable) The Earth’s Atmosphere From Space

3. The Earth’s Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen 20% Oxygen 1% Argon 0.03% CO 2 Trace Elements ‘The Precious Envelope’ Helium Nitrogen Oxygen Water vapor Argon Neon Carbon dioxide Air

4. Pressure Which shoes create the most pressure? Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem Bed of Nails demonstration

5. Pressure F A = P A P = F Pressure occurs when a force is dispersed over a given surface area. If F acts over a large area… But if F acts over a small area… P = FAFA Mass: 2000 kg 55 kg Foot area: 5000 cm 2 60 cm 2

6. گرمای معممولی تابش ماوراء بنفش نور خورشید طوفانهای خورشیدی و پرتوهای کیهانی رابطه ارتفاع با دما دما ارتفاع

8. مناطق تابش اشعه ها

9. رابطه تعداد ذرات با ارتفاع