1. The process of breathing is called RESPIRATION
UNIT 1 - Information
The process of breathing is called RESPIRATION
FUNCTION: Supplies O2 to enable ENERGY to be released
Removes CO2 from the body
Structures of the respiratory system and gaseous exchange
Air containing O2 is INHALED into the lungs
Air containing CO2 is EXHALED from the lungs

2. UNIT 1 - Information Air enters through the NOSE and MOUTH.
Passes down the TRACHEA into the BRONCI (through the BRONCHIOLES), and ends up at tiny air sacs called ALVEOLI.
Each alveoli has thin walls and is surrounded by a blood vessel called a CAPILLARY.
GASEOUS EXCHANGE takes place - O2 is diffused into the blood and travels in the blood to the working muscles. At the same time CO2 diffuses into the alveoli and is breathed out.
To draw air into the body (INSPIRATION) the lungs must increase in size. This occurs because the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES and the DIAPHRAGM contract. This decreases the air pressure inside the lungs, causing air to rush in.
To expel air from the body (EXPIRATION) the lungs return to their original size (relax) – which decreases the size of the thoracic cavity. The decreased volume and increased air pressure in the lungs forces air out.

3. UNIT 1 - Information
Deoxygenated blood brings carbon dioxide from the body cells to the alveoli
Oxygen is breathed in
Carbon dioxide is breathed out
Oxygenated blood carries oxygen to the body cells
Carbon dioxide diffuses through the walls of the capillaries into the alveoli
Oxygen diffuses through the walls of the alveoli into the capillaries

4. MINUTE VOLUME = TIDAL VOLUME × RESPIRATORY RATE
UNIT 1 - Information
LUNG CAPACITY
RESPIRATORY RATE – How many breaths taken in 1 minute
TIDAL VOLUME – Amount of air taken in or out with EACH BREATH
MINUTE VOLUME – Amount of air breathed in, in 1 minute
MINUTE VOLUME = TIDAL VOLUME × RESPIRATORY RATE
As exercise intensity increases so does minute volume
This is to supply the body with sufficient oxygen for increased energy demands
There is also a need to dispel more CO2 as exercise gets harder
Minute volume can increase from around 6 litres/min at rest to 28 litres/min for exercise
Some elite athletes can go up to 36 litres/min
When exercise stops or becomes less intense their minute volume will slowly adjust back down accordingly

5. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY = VITAL CAPACITY + RESIDUAL VOLUME
UNIT 1 - Information
LUNG CAPACITY
The extra oxygen needed with intense exercise is provided by:
Breathing more deeply
Increasing rate of breathing
Both
VITAL CAPACITY – is the maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as deeply as you can.
RESIDUAL VOLUME – the lungs are never completely empty, the air that is left is the residual volume.
Practical Application
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY = VITAL CAPACITY + RESIDUAL VOLUME

6. An example of a spirometer trace:
UNIT 1 - Information
LUNG VOLUMES
Under normal resting conditions, we breathe approximately 16 times per minute – taking in 0.5 litres of air (TIDAL VOLUME)
During vigorous exercise, the breathing rate may exceed 40 breaths per minute – taking in 2.2 litres of air.
Information/Discussion
An example of a spirometer trace:
Practical Application 6
3.4 3
1.5

7. VO2 will vary depending on the demands of the activity
UNIT 1 - Information
VO2 Max
It is the maximum amount of oxygen taken in, transported and used in one minute
VO2 will vary depending on the demands of the activity
The fitter athlete will be able to make much greater use of oxygen that is inhaled – a better MAXIMUM AEROBIC CAPACITY
A predictor of aerobic fitness

8. Effects of Exercise on the System
UNIT 1 - Information
Effects of Exercise on the System
Although breathing becomes more rapid during exercise, the
speed with which this occurs depends upon the amount of physical activity the individual is used to.
After physical activity has taken place the sportsperson will
continue to breathe deeply for some time. This is to remove any oxygen debt that may have developed. A well-trained, fitter person, however, will revert to normal breathing faster than an untrained person. This is due to their more efficient breathing mechanisms.

9. Effects of Exercise on the System
UNIT 1 - Information
Effects of Exercise on the System
Effects of training on the respiratory system:
the size of the chest increases
the amount that the chest can expand increases
the breathing rate at rest gets slower
the capillary web around the alveoli is increased
more alveoli are ready to pass gases to and from the blood
the exchange of gas is improved
inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes increase
tidal volume increases during exercise

10. UNIT 1 – Practical Application
At rest, group can watch each other to identify depth and rate of breathing.
At exercise: i) After 2 minutes
ii) After 15 minutes
Group can watch each other to identify
changes in depth and rate of breathing
This can initiate discussion
Tidal volume/ Minute volume/ Intensity of Exercise
Movement of abdomen/ chest - diaphragm

11. UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Use MULTI-STAGE FITNESS TEST as an indicator of Aerobic – capacity – explain VO2
Mapping oxygen from the air via the lungs to muscles in the body
Discuss gaseous exchange with group

12. Cardiovascular system Aerobic/ Anaerobic system Energy continuum
UNIT 1 - Links
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Cardiovascular system
Aerobic/ Anaerobic system
Energy continuum
Training zones
Intensity/ duration of exercise
Short term effects of exercise on the systems of the body
Long term effects of exercise on the systems of the body

13. UNIT 1 - Activity Complete the following by filling in the blanks:
Every cell in the body needs to _____________ or it will die. Respiration means it needs to
take in _____________ and get rid of _____________________. The cells need the
______________ to produce _________________. The oxygen is breathed in as part of the
air. The ________________ enters through the ______________________, passes down
the __________________ into the ______________ through the ________________ and
finally ends up at the tiny air sacs called ___________. Each ______________ has thin walls
and is surrounded by a thin blood vessel called a ________________. This helps the process
of _______________________. This means that ____________________diffuses into the
_____________ and travels in the blood to the working __________________. At the same
time ______________________ diffuses into the alveoli and is ________________.
BRONCHI
OXYGEN
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
MUSCLES
ENERGY
BREATHED OUT
TRACHEA
NOSE & MOUTH
AIR
OXYGEN
CAPILLARY
BLOOD
BRONCHIOLES
CARBON DIOXIDE
RESPIRE
ALVEOLI
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
ALVEOLUS

14. UNIT 1 - Activity Define the following terms: Respiratory Rate
Tidal Volume
Minute Ventilation
Information/Discussion
Make up a simple equation that links the three terms above.
Practical Application
What is VO2 Max.
What is the advantage to a football or hockey midfield player of having a high VO2 Max?

15. UNIT 1 - Activity
Complete the following diagram for Gaseous Exchange.

16. UNIT 1 - Activity Name TWO functions of the Respiratory System.
How does the body provide the extra O2 needed for exercise?

17. MECHANICS - Gaseous Exchange
UNIT 1 – Key Facts/ Glossary
RESPIRATION O2
CO2
FUNCTION IN
OUT
MECHANICS - Gaseous Exchange
Tidal Volume - Minute Volume - Respiratory Rate
Vital Capacity - Residual Volume
VO2 Max
Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System