1. Ions in solids and solutions. CI 4.5 and revision of 5.1

2. Ions in ionic solids. + ++ + -- - -- Cl - Na +

3. Ions in solution. - + δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- O HH Most electronegative δ+δ+ δ-δ- Oδ-Oδ- Hδ+Hδ+ Hδ+Hδ+ Polar molecules Hydrated ions

4. Dissolving.

5. - δ+δ+ δ-δ- - - - - + + + + δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- δ+δ+ δ-δ- Some bonds broken Some bonds made

6. -- - - + + + + - Some bonds broken Some bonds made

7. -- - - + + + - + Some bonds broken Some bonds made

8. Dissolving. Some bonds broken Some bonds made Endothermic Exothermic

9. + + + + - - - - - What is this? ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) -ΔH LE ΔH sol ΔH hyd(an)

10. What is this? ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) -ΔH LE ΔH sol ΔH hyd(an) + ++ + -- - --

11. Exo or endo? -ΔH LE + ++ + -- - --

12. -- - - + + + + - What is this? ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) -ΔH LE ΔH sol ΔH hyd(an)

13. -- - - + + + + - Exo or endo? ΔH hyd(an)

14. -- - - + + + - + What is this? ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) -ΔH LE ΔH sol ΔH hyd(an)

15. -- - - + + + - + Exo or endo? ΔH hyd(cat)

16. Solute + solvent Gaseous ions Solution enthalpyenthalpy ΔH solution -ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) ΔH hyd(an) -ΔH LE + ΔH hyd(cat) + ΔH hyd(an) ΔH solution =

17. Solute + solvent Gaseous ions Solution enthalpyenthalpy ΔH solution -ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) ΔH hyd(an) ΔH solution = Exo or endo? Endo

18. Solute + solvent Gaseous ions Solution enthalpyenthalpy ΔH solution -ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) ΔH hyd(an) ΔH solution = Endo Won’t dissolve

19. Solute + solvent Gaseous ions Solution enthalpyenthalpy ΔH solution -ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) ΔH hyd(an) ΔH solution = Exo or endo? Exo

20. Solute + solvent Gaseous ions Solution enthalpyenthalpy ΔH solution -ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) ΔH hyd(an) ΔH solution = Will dissolve Exo

21. Solute + solvent Gaseous ions Solution enthalpyenthalpy ΔH solution -ΔH LE ΔH hyd(cat) ΔH hyd(an) Slightly endo May dissolve

22. Entropy!

23. Finally…. (Tables 5 and 7) IonIonic radius Water molecules attached Na + 2,8,8 0.098nm 5 Mg 2+ 2,8,8 15 Al 3+ 2,8,8 0.057nm 26 0.078nm + 2+