1. SENES Consultants Limited Waste to Energy Opportunities and Challenges Ganga River Basin Management Plan Stakeholders Meeting IIT Delhi 23 September 2011 Murali Ganapathy Waste Management and Climate Change Group

2. SENES Consultants Limited Agenda  Waste to Energy: Basics  Advantages  Technologies  PPP Opportunities  Challenges

3. SENES Consultants Limited Agenda  Waste to Energy: Basics  Advantages  Technologies  Opportunities  Challenges

4. SENES Consultants Limited Waste to Energy: Basics  WTE is one type of waste management technique  Most suitable for organic waste – solid and liquid containing high organics capable of decomposition  Solid waste can be:  MSW / garbage  Industrial waste  Processing waste  Waste is converted to energy: electricity, steam, gaseous fuels

5. SENES Consultants Limited Agenda  Waste to Energy: Basics  Advantages  Technologies  Opportunities  Challenges

6. SENES Consultants Limited Waste to Energy: Advantages  Volume and mass reduction: 60% to 90%  Land demand for land filling is reduced  Savings in overall waste transportation costs  Potential for pollution mitigation  Resource utilization: power, compost, organic fertilizer, gaseous fuels (syngas, H 2, biogas)  Carbon emission reduction

7. SENES Consultants Limited Agenda  Waste to Energy: Basics  Advantages  Technologies  Opportunities  Challenges

8. SENES Consultants Limited Waste to Energy: Technologies  Combustion  Incineration/Mass Burn  RDF combustion  Gasification/Pyrolysis  Fluidized bed gasification  Plasma gasification  Anaerobic digestion  Controlled biomethanation for organics  Landfill gas capture

9. SENES Consultants Limited Incineration

10. Incineration  Common commercial technology for waste management in developed countries.  Over 4 lakh TPD of waste is being incinerated in about 600 plants in 35 countries.  Estimated to be generating 10,000 MW power.  Tried in Timarpur, Delhi – didn’t work due to high moisture/low calorific value of MSW

11. SENES Consultants Limited RDF

12. RDF  Recovery of combustible particles from MSW through segregation, drying and shredding.  Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF): fuel for Cement Kilns or can be combusted for generation of Power.  Need for pollution control equipment required to control emissions.

13. SENES Consultants Limited Gasification

14. Gasification  Partial combustion in absence or restricted supply of air/O 2 to form combustible gases  Combustible gases used for heat directly or for motive power/electricity through gas engines  Promising and environmentally clean thermo-chemical process

15. SENES Consultants Limited Plasma Gasification

16. SENES Consultants Limited Plasma Gasification  Less polluting than combustion/incineration  No SOX/NOX issues (no O 2 )  Toxic materials encapsulated: much safer to handle  Highest efficiency of conversion  High Costs and still in commercial demo stage

17. SENES Consultants Limited Anaerobic Digestion

18. SENES Consultants Limited Anaerobic Digestion  Biogas from biodegradable fraction of waste for fuel/power and organic manure  Environmentally benign for segregated uniform solid or liquid wastes  Many successful Indian applications (mostly small scale)  Capital cost – financially competitive

19. SENES Consultants Limited Landfill Gas Capture

20. SENES Consultants Limited Landfill Gas Capture u Anaerobic decomposition of waste in landfills produces landfill gas ( 40 - 60% CH4) u Landfill Gas can be captured, purified and utilized for power generation

21. SENES Consultants Limited Project Experience  Plasco Energy – Waste to energy using plasma gasification;  Anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge and MSW organic components at Cancun, Mexico;  Wastewater sludge and organic MSW at Campeche, Mexico;  LFG at Puebla, Mexico and for GAIL at Delhi Ghazipur landfill.  Waste gasification PPP proposed at Maldives;  DBO at Belize for MSW; DBO at Guyana for Industrial waste  Advantages  Technologies  Opportunities  Challenges

22. SENES Consultants Limited Agenda  Waste to Energy: Basics  Advantages  Technologies  Opportunities  Challenges

23. SENES Consultants Limited Waste to Energy: Opportunities in GRBMP  Anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organics (municipal waste, processing plants);  RDF of waste is also an option;

24. SENES Consultants Limited Agenda  Waste to Energy: Basics  Advantages  Technologies  Opportunities  Challenges

25. SENES Consultants Limited Waste to Energy: Challenges  Management of waste streams is difficult.  Industrial discharge need to be controlled.  Garbage disposal by public is an issue.  Educating public and private sector is key.  Need to assess capacity of ULB’s to manage and pay for the infrastructure or operations.

26. SENES Consultants Limited Thank You