1. Units Three and Five Energy Transmission Using Fluids Both Liquids and Gases qualify as fluids since each takes the shape of its container and will produce flow. However, gases compress and liquids are relatively incompressible.

2. Liquids and Gases A molecule consists of two or more atoms in chemical combination. Liquid Molecules Gaseous Molecules

3. Molecular Energy Molecular energy is the movement of molecules within a substance Molecular energy is affected by temperature.

4. Fluids take the shape of their containers

5. Gases and Heat Energy

6. Gas Temperature, Pressure, Compression, and Inefficiency Boyles Law of Gas Compression

7. Hydraulic Transmission of Energy

8. Pneumatic Transmission of Energy

9. Hydraulic Accumulator

10. Positive Displacement Pump

11. Positive Displacement Compressor

12. Pump Types 1. Gear

13. 2. Piston Pump Types

14. 3. Vane Pump Types

15. Resistance and Pressure Any influence that restricts the movement of fluid is resistance and will effect pressure. The systematic relationship between resistance and pressure is directly proportional.

16. Heat generation in Fluids When energy is consumed to overcome resistance, energy changes form. The energy is transformed into heat energy. Examples: Heat from lighting Heat from machine bearings. Heat from friction

17. Viscosity Viscosity is the measure of a liquids resistance to flow. As a “liquid” takes on heat, its viscosity will change.

18. Measuring Viscosity Viscosity is measured in units called Saybolt Universal Seconds or SSU. This is the time it takes for a liquid to flow through an orifice of a exact size when the fluid is at a certain temperature.

19. Viscosity and Friction generate Heat A liquid resists movement, this is resistance. A sharp bend or turn is resistance. Fluid moving too fast through through a conductor generates heat because of resistance. The rate of movement of fluid per foot is referred to as velocity.

20. Viscosity and Friction generate Heat (continued) Maximum velocities for fluids Oil: 10 to 30 feet per second depending on pressure. 15 fps is a general rule. Womack, Vol1, page 37. Gas: 1100 fps, “critical velocity.” For oil velocity: GPM x.3208/Area

21. Pressure Differential When ever a fluid is moving through a conductor and there exists a difference between pressure between any two points, the difference is called a pressure differential or “delta-P.”

22. General System Design Avoid sharp turns, obstructions, and anything that would disturb flow. Also consider pipe size.