1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Functional Groups in Organic Compounds (workshop) University of Lincoln presentation

2. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS HYDROCARBONS contain only C and H atoms ALIPHATIC hydrocarbons SATURATED hydrocarbons contain C–C and C–H single bonds only (ALKANES) UNSATURATED hydrocarbons contain at least 1 C–C multiple bond ALKENE contains the C=C functional group ALKYNE contains the C ≡ C functional group AROMATIC Hydrocarbons must contain a BENZENE ring

3. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Name of functional group Functional groupExampleEndings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al KetoneR≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid EsterR = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide HalogenoalkaneX = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol

4. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Name of functional group Functional groupExampleEndings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al KetoneR≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid EsterR = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide HalogenoalkaneX = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol PRIMARY (1 y ) ALCOHOL R–CH 2 OH SECONDARY (2 y ) ALCOHOL R 2 –CHOH TERTIARY (3 y ) ALCOHOL R 3 –COH Where R– is any alkyl group

5. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Name of functional group Functional groupExampleEndings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al KetoneR≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid EsterR = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide HalogenoalkaneX = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol An acid is a proton (H+) donor

6. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Name of functional group Functional groupExampleEndings on names Alcohol Ethanol -ol Aldehyde Ethanal (acetaldehyde) -al KetoneR≠H Propanone (acetone) -one Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) -oic acid EsterR = alkyl Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) -oate Ether Diethyl ether Ether Amine Ethylamine -amine Amide Ethanamide (Acetamide) -amide HalogenoalkaneX = F, Cl, Br, I Bromoethane Halo- Acid chloride Ethanoyl chloride -oyl chloride Nitrile Ethanenitrile -nitrile Nitro Nitromethane Nitro- Thiol Ethanethiol -thiol PRIMARY (1y) AMINE R–NH2 SECONDARY (2y) AMINE R2–NH TERTIARY (3y) AMINE R3–N Where R– is any alkyl group

7. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Remember! GROUP 14 C arbon needs FOUR bonds 15 N itrogen needs THREE bonds 16 O xygen needs TWO bonds 17 F luorine needs ONE bond

8. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Remember! By convention… OH = = =

9. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License RECOGNISING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Smelling of roses…

10. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1 y ALCOHOL (–CH 2 OH)

11. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1 y ALCOHOL (–CH 2 OH) ALKENE (–C=C–)

12. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Flower Scent – Freesia

13. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Ketone (R–COR’)

14. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Conjugated diene (–C=C–C=C–) Ketone (R–COR’)

15. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Pheromones – Honey bee Pheromones are chemicals that carry messages

16. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

17. KETONE

18. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Alkene Ketone

19. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Carboxylic Acid (RCOOH) Alkene Ketone

20. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES AMPHETAMINE

21. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES 1 y AMINE (RNH 2 ) AMPHETAMINE

22. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES AROMATIC RING (Benzene) 1 y AMINE (RNH 2 ) AMPHETAMINE

23. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES METHYLAMPHETAMINE

24. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES 1H has been replaced with a –CH 3 (methyl) METHYLAMPHETAMINE

25. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES 2 y AMINE (RR’NH) 1H has been replaced with a –CH 3 (methyl) METHYLAMPHETAMINE

26. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMPHETAMINES AROMATIC RING (Benzene) 2 y AMINE (RR’NH) 1H has been replaced with a –CH 3 (methyl) METHYLAMPHETAMINE

27. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ASPIRIN

28. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOOH) ASPIRIN

29. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ESTER (RCOOR’) ASPIRIN CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOOH)

30. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RING (Benzene) ASPIRIN ESTER (RCOOR’) CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOOH)

31. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Bullet-proof vests and spider silk

32. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License KEVLAR (a polyamide)

33. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AMIDE KEVLAR

34. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License AROMATIC RINGS KEVLAR AMIDE

35. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cat Nap (Octadec-9-eneamide)

36. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cat Nap (Octadec-9-eneamide) ALKENE

37. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cat Nap (Octadec-9-eneamide) ALKENE AMIDE

38. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CANNABIS

39. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CANNABIS AROMATIC RING (Benzene)

40. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CANNABIS AROMATIC RING (Benzene) AROMATIC ALCOHOL – A PHENOLIC GROUP

41. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CANNABIS AROMATIC RING (Benzene) AROMATIC ALCOHOL – A PHENOLIC GROUP ALKENE

42. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CANNABIS CYCLIC ETHER AROMATIC RING (Benzene) AROMATIC ALCOHOL – A PHENOLIC GROUP ALKENE

43. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

44. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD

45. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD DIETHYLAMIDE

46. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE

47. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE 2 Y AMINE

48. 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE 2 Y AMINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD ALKENES

49. 3 Y AMINE DIETHYLAMIDE 2 Y AMINE ALKENES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LSD CONJUGATED DIENE

50. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Identify FOUR functional groups in cocaine

51. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License COCAINE

52. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License COCAINE 2 ESTERS

53. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License COCAINE 2 y AMINE

54. 2 ESTERS 2 y AMINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License COCAINE AROMATIC

55. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Opium Morphine Codeine Thebaine

56. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License OPIUM MORPHINE CODEINE THEBAINE HEROIN

57. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Identify the functional groups in morphine

58. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE

59. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE ALCOHOL

60. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE PHENOL ALCOHOL

61. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL

62. CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE AROMATIC

63. CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL AROMATIC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE 3 Y AMINE

64. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MORPHINE ALKENE CYCLIC ETHER PHENOL ALCOHOL AROMATIC 3 Y AMINE

65. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License What’s the difference between morphine and codeine?

66. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE MORPHINE

67. CODEINE MORPHINE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License PHENOL

68. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE MORPHINE PHENOL ETHER

69. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE THEBAINE

70. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License CODEINE THEBAINE ALCOHOL

71. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ETHER CODEINE THEBAINE ALCOHOL

72. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License HEROIN

73. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License HEROIN 2 ESTERS

74. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Identify the functional groups in the ‘magic mushroom’ alkaloids

75. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License MAGIC MUSHROOMS

76. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Acknowledgements JISC HEA Centre for Educational Research and Development School of natural and applied sciences School of Journalism SirenFM http://tango.freedesktop.org