1. Alkanes

2. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic

3. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes AlkynesAlkynes AlkenesAlkenes

4. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. C C H H H HHH

5. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkenesAlkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. C C H H HH

6. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkynesAlkynes Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon triple bond.HCCH

7. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromatic The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. H H H HHH

8. C n H 2n+2 Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, and Propane

9. Methane(CH 4 ) CH 4 Ethane(C 2 H 6 )CH 3 CH 3 Propane(C 3 H 8 )CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 bp -160°C bp -89°C bp -42°C The Simplest Alkanes

10. tetrahedral bond angles = 109.5° bond distances = 110 pm but structure seems inconsistent with electron configuration of carbon Structure of Methane

11. Structure of Ethane CH 3 CH 3 C2H6C2H6C2H6C2H6 tetrahedral geometry at each carbon C—H bond distance = 110 pm C—C bond distance = 153 pm

12. n-ButaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isobutane(CH 3 ) 3 CH bp -0.4°C bp -10.2°C

13. n-Pentane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isopentane (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 Neopentane (CH 3 ) 4 C C 5 H 12

14. Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 8 H 18 18 C 2 H 6 1 C 9 H 20 35 C 3 H 8 1 C 10 H 22 75 C 4 H 10 2 C 15 H 32 4,347 C 5 H 12 3 C 20 H 42 366,319 C 6 H 14 5 C 40 H 82 62,491,178,805,831 C 7 H 16 9

15. Nomenclature of Alkanes Rules for naming compounds are given by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). To name alkanes:  Find the longest chain and use it as the name of the compound.  Number the carbon atoms starting with the end closest to the substituent.  Name and give the location of each substituent. When two or more substituents are present list them in alphabetical order.

16. Nomenclature of Alkanes 1. Determine the number of carbons in the parent hydrocarbon 2. Number the chain so that the substituent gets the lowest possible number

17. 3. Number the substituents to yield the lowest possible number in the number of the compound (substituents are listed in alphabetical order) 4. Assign the lowest possible numbers to all of the substituents

18. 5. When both directions lead to the same lowest number for one of the substituents, the direction is chosen that gives the lowest possible number to one of the remaining substituents 6. If the same number is obtained in both directions, the first group receives the lowest number

19. 7. In the case of two hydrocarbon chains with the same number of carbons, choose the one with the most substituents 8. Certain common nomenclatures are used in the IUPAC system

20. Nomenclature of Alkanes

21. Types of Carbons primary (1 o ) - bonded to only 1 other carbon secondary (2 o ) - bonded to 2 other carbons tertiary (3 o ) - bonded to 3 other carbons quaternary (4 o ) - bonded to 4 other carbons

22. Conformations are different spatial arrangements of a molecule that are generated by rotation about single bonds.

23. Eclipsed conformation Ethane

24. Staggered conformation Ethane

25. Projection formulas of the staggered conformation of ethane NewmanSawhorseHH HH HH HH H H H H

26. Anti relationshipsHH HH HH HH H H H H Two bonds are anti when the angle between them is 180°. 180°

27. Gauche relationships H H HH HH H H H H H H Two bonds are gauche when the angle between them is 60°. 60°

28. An important point: The terms anti and gauche apply only to bonds (or groups) on adjacent carbons, and only to staggered conformations.

29. 0° 60° 120° 180° 240°300°360° 12 kJ/mol

30. Conformational Analysis of Butane: C 2 -C 3 Rotation

31. The most stable conformation of unbranched alkanes has anti relationships between carbons Hexane

32. Reactions with Alkanes The C-C and C-H bonds are very strong. Therefore, alkanes are very unreactive. At room temperature alkanes do not react with acids, bases, or strong oxidizing agents. Alkanes do combust in air (making them good fuels): 2C 2 H 6 (g) + 7O 2 (g)  4CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l)  H = -2855 kJ

33. Alkanes are very unreactive compounds because they have only strong s bonds and atoms with no partial charges However, alkanes do react with Cl 2 and Br 2

34. Reaction of Alkane with Cl 2 or Br 2

35. Petroleum is a complex mixture of alkanes and cycloalkanes that can be separated by distillation